URBAN FREIGHT - A Victim of Policy Neglect

Sudhir Gota

“The existing urban freight policies and strategies are often conflicting and contradictory but finding a sustainable solution is critical… “ 

Many cities often forget freight issues when scripting the urban transportation plans and thus the result is haphazard implementation of solutions which are often iatrogenesis in nature.  The traditional approach for solving urban freight is to ban trucks during day times, build bypasses and truck terminals outside the cities.  Some of these solutions which provide priority to passenger transport over freight movement may provide short term relief but may induce long term adverse impacts. Both passenger and freight transport need inclusive policies and not conflicting strategies. For example, consider the future strategies being proposed by Indian cities as shown in below table. The lack of interest shown by the city to tackle the movement of goods is obvious[1]. 

Sl.No	CDP for City	Problem	Strategy/Action
1	Chennai	The number of routes for goods movement is limited. There is also acute shortage of parking for goods vehicles.	Plans to shift some of the wholesale markets and create truck terminals on the periphery of the City.
2	Ahmedabad	The ring roads not fully developed, inadequate parking facilities, increase in vehicles	Improvements in road network, development of decentralized rail transport terminal
3	Delhi	The high growth rate of vehicular traffic volumes on roads causing congestion, delay, safety issues, pollution, inadequate parking, Intermixing of local and regional passenger and goods traffic.	Development of goods and passenger terminals on the basis of directional Improvements in Road network.
4	Agra	Agra has a transport terminal and it is being developed and improved. However many transport agencies are operating from various parts of the city, resulting in many cargo vehicles parked on the roads. This on-road parking hampers the smooth flow of traffic.	Development of ring road, parking facilities and truck terminals

 Makeshift Strategies adopted in the Development Plan for Urban transport improvement

Similar situation exists in several Asian countries and cities. The developed nations like Japan and Korea have provided the directions for streamlining the freight transport and improving the efficiency of the system.  For example, Republic of Korea is aggressively pursuing freight solutions to reduce the emissions. It is planning to make the freight movement environment friendly by building infrastructure supporting quality movement and eliminating bottlenecks. Eight integrated freight terminals and four inland container depots are being constructed. Since more than one-third of trips are deadheaded, a logistics integrated information system is being developed. The integrated system being built is intended to enable electronic data interchange (EDI) and provide freight traffic information such as real-time freight and vehicle location. Also efforts are being made to standardize the logistics-related facilities and equipment. 

The Government has adopted the “unit load system rule” that provides standardized specifications for containers, loading equipment, freight trucks and freight packages. Tax exemption for investments in logistics standardization is also allowed, in order to enhance the standardization process. As per the National logistics visions and policy for the twenty-first century and framework act of low carbon green growth – model targets have been set on freight movement. As per the target, by 2012, the railways share should increase from 8 to 15% and coastal shipping share should increase from 18 to 22%. The impact of such actions on urban freight would be huge.

Some of the strategies commonly adopted in Asia are

Sl.No	Strategy/freight action	Impact
1	Bypass construction	Experiences suggest land use development along the bypass thus leading to sprawl over long term. However, immediate impact with reduced congestion over short term on urban roads
2	Restricting trucks during day time on certain corridors	Loss of operation hours, heavy traffic impacts during night, increase in growth of light commercial vehicles, freight three wheelers, increase in PM concentration. The daytime traffic flow is improved. Increased use of NMT, two wheelers and three wheelers.
3	Regulation of delivery time	Delayed delivery, increase in VKT of trucks
4	Speed limits for trucks	Improvement in safety
5	Banning slow goods vehicle like cycle rickshaws	Loss of livelihood, traffic deterioration over long term, increase in use of two-three wheelers for freight delivery
6	Restricting parking space for goods vehicle	Increase of illegal parking, increase in trucks idling
7	Age restrictions for trucks	Environmental benefits, adverse impact to truck building industry
8	Increase of lane capacity of city roads	Generation of induced traffic and increased congestion over long term
9	Establishment of terminal in the inner city linking multimodal transport like railways/port, promoting urban consolidation centers	Leads to freight concentration in the specific zone, allows seamless flow of freight among different modes and may improve the efficiency
10	The use of ICT (such as RFID, vehicle routing software or load sharing systems)	Reduction in VKT and improvement in traffic flows, environmental benefits
11	Strengthening vehicle emission standards and inspection and maintenance	Environmental benefits
12	Vehicle load restriction	Prevents adverse impact on urban road pavements
13	Congestion charge	Improves the performance of the network and improves air quality
14	Promoting small vehicles	Increases the mode share of NMT, two and three commercial vehicles and LCV’s.
15	Special zoning for logistic activity	Leads to freight concentration in the specific zone thus allowing consolidation of the freight network
16	Tax instruments – vehicle tax, fuel tax, green tax	Leads to improvement in efficiency of the system
17	Eco-driving	Eco-driving training is adopted by large fleet owners and its impact on fuel efficiency is good.  However, there are chances of increase in VKT to offset fuel savings.
18	Improving Trucks Design and fuel efficiency	This leads to improvement in vehicle efficiency and thus environmental benefits.

Table - Strategies adopted in solving urban freight problems

Experts are now arguing that traditional strategy of banning trucks during day time or restricting truck movement or banning NMT freight may cause environmental damage.  The external costs of trucks are high and urban freight is as big a problem as passenger transport. Increasing population, economic growth, motorization and sprawl are all affecting freight movement as passenger movement. Following are some of the aspects that need to be considered before considering solutions for urban freight:

1.     High Intensity of urban freight movement – Research shows that in India, the urban freight VKT in total metropolitan VKT is substantial with 37% contribution. Latest research from China indicates that cars and trucks tend to be the largest contributors to CO2 emissions in urban areas. The larger cities with high industrial sectors or ports activity, such as Guangzhou, Chongqing, and Wuhan, tend to have at least half of their energy use and CO2 emission coming from trucks. In Bangkok, delivery motorcycles make nearly 4.6 million vehicle-kilometers per day. The main reason for such a high intensity is the existing traffic management strategies which are conducive for motorcycle freight. Investigations in Hong Kong reveal that on an average, goods vehicles made approximate 7.4 trips per day. Goods vans, light goods vehicles and heavy goods vehicles made an average of 7.7 to 7.9 trips per day. Medium goods vehicles made fewer trips per day (6.7 trips per day) while container vehicles made 6.4 trips per day. Interestingly, the total travel/day on an average was 87 km. 

2.     Myth about city registrations – Latest survey in Guangzhou, China shows that majority of trucks operating in the city/region is registered elsewhere. The number of heavy/medium duty trucks registered outside Guangzhou outnumber the trucks registered in Guangzhou by 2.6 : 1, to 36.7: 1. For light duty trucks the ratio is about the same, and for mini duty trucks the ratio is reversed.  At 2 cargo centers surveyed in Guangzhou, more than 95% heavy duty trucks were registered outside Guangdong Province. This shows that trucks registered outside Guangzhou contribute significantly to the freight transportation. This makes it very difficult to look for city based solutions.

3.     Composition of operating cost of city trucks - Survey in Hong Kong reveals that salary costs account for 60-70% of urban freight movement. Fuel costs are only 10-30%. This is a significant point often missed by policy makers.

4.     CO₂ Emissions – Consider the case of Manila, experts have analyzed the impact of large freight restrictions and found that such measures are not effective from a regional point of view though may be effective from an area specific scale.  The researchers have found that abolishing the existing truck restriction would lead to lower traffic and environmental impacts among the scenarios, this alternative might encounter difficulty in implementation and resistance from the stakeholders.

5.     Air Pollution - Consider the case of Delhi, experts here used the traffic management option commonly adopted in Asia i.e. to ban truck movement in daytime. Though this initially reduced the PM levels during the daytime, however, due to the rapid growth in truck numbers during the night time, the contribution of trucks to day-time PM levels is increasing as night time emissions linger into the daytime. 

6.     Air Pollution – Experience from Bangkok and Tianjin shows that Trucks contribute 59% and 44% of PM emissions from transport.

7.     Research from Europe has indicated that a leading freight provider like La Petite Reine with 50 employees and 53 bikes by 2007 had transported 700,000 packages, a total of 210,000 km. In the process they displaced nearly 600,000 tonne-kilometres of van transport in Paris alone and saved 204 tonnes of CO2 emissions.  Research also indicates that the most customers for cycle freight cite the environment as a factor in their choice, but consider cost, speed and reliability to be of higher priorities.  This necessitates a discussion as to if the freight NMT transport share would increase if there is some kind of restriction on motor vehicles.

Finding solutions to urban freight is very important. Currently, in midst of urbanization and motorization, the policy makers are struggling to find solutions for sustainable urban freight and thus initiating policies which creates conflicts with passenger transport and which are contradictory in nature.  It’s not an easy task. Efficient freight solutions need careful planning and vision.

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[1] It is also to be noted that research from India has in fact shown that the composition of freight vehicles in the total fleet is significant ( 5-30%) and the quantum of freight flow has exhibited no correlation with the size of city in terms of population and the dominant commodities were food products and building materials. The solutions for such commodities need to be different. The freight sector in general has been a victim of policy neglect.

Walkability in Asian Cities - few Quotes and Statistics

Sudhir Gota

“In the age of carbon footprint we are forgetting human footprints”

I have collected few statistics and quotes on walkability. I am sure that these would derive a range of emotions from you – anger, surprise, despair, disgust, empathy etc….
Pedestrian facilities have been depreciating over the past decade. Cities which are naturally designed for walking are increasingly becoming motorized by vehicles. Travel time budgets are breaking new barriers with many people travelling for more than 2 hours a day and getting frustrated with the quality of transport. Everybody acknowledges that walkability is very important but however translating ideas to practice has been very slow.  Pedestrian improvement projects provide cheap solution to the problem of urban mobility. Using the same money as required for constructing 1 km metro, one can, on an average, construct 350 km of new quality sidewalks. 
If the footpaths had been expensive, things would have been different !!

Statistics from CAI-Asia study on Walkability in Asian cities

1. 82% of people in asia are willing to walk maximum of only 100m to access pedestrian crossings.
2. If the walking environment is not improved, 82% of people would shift to vehicles
3. About 40% of people consider that they are most exposed to air pollution while walking
4. More than 70% of people in Kathmandu and Jakarta consider their walkways as bad or of poor quality
5. In Asia, the budget for pedestrian facilities is often in the range of 0.2 to 5% of transportation budget while it accommodates more than 30% of trips.
6. On an average 28% of trips are within 3 km, 24% within 3 to 6 km in an asian city
7. Using the same money as required for constructing 1 km metro, one can, on average, construct 350 km of new quality sidewalks
8. In a city, commercial areas have the best walkability whereas the public transport terminals have the worst walkability

Source : Times of India

Statistics from other sources

1. In Sri Lanka, at least 1/10th of space of all roads within urban areas provided exclusively for non-motorized transport such as for sidewalks for walking and bicycle lanes  (Action Plan for Traffic Management in Greater Colombo (2008))
2. In Jakarta, people with disabilities must wear special signs that are visible to motorists - (Article 132 (3)) of Traffic and Road Transport Act of Indonesia
3. 40% of the total Road Length of Delhi has no Sidewalks- RITES Transport Demand Forecast Study: May 2008
4. Nearly half of fatal accidents in Delhi involve – pedestrians - Walkability Roundtable, Centre for Science and Environment, July 2009
5. Nearly half of fatal accidents in Philippines and Bangladesh involve pedestrians - World Health Organization (WHO, 2009)
6. Benefit-cost ratio of replacing the underground crossings with surface crossings is 7.6:1 – Transport for London
7. 68% of countries in the world don’t have national or local level policies that promote walking and cycling  - World Health Organization (WHO, 2009)
8. In Bangalore, three pedestrians are killed on roads every other day and more than 10,000 are hospitalized annually- Deccan herald
9. Children under ten years old are the most vulnerable pedestrian group in Thailand - Asian Institute of Technology
10. 50% of people don’t use skywalks since it involves climbing, descending and long detour - D Sanyal, Bangalore Transportation Summit
11. In Hong Kong only 13.5% of households have access to private vehicles – 2002, Transport Department
12. In Hong Kong, 49% of people don’t walk due to unsuitable weather – 2002, Transport Department
13. In Fushun, 58% of the survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that cars do not slow down at marked midblock crossings - Wendy Tao
14. In 2009, more than 70% of road fatalities in Mumbai were Pedestrians - Mumbai Traffic Police

Other quotes

1. “Restore human legs as a means of travel. Pedestrians rely on food for fuel and need no special parking facilities.” -  Lewis Mumford quotes (American Writer, 1895-1990)
2. Everywhere is walking distance if you have the time.  ~Steven Wright
3. No city should be too large for a man to walk out of in a morning.  ~Cyril Connolly
4. A pedestrian is someone who thought there were a couple of gallons left in the tank.  ~Author Unknown
5. Thoughts come clearly while one walks.  ~Thomas Mann
6. Walking:  the most ancient exercise and still the best modern exercise.  ~Carrie Latet
7. Don't let people drive you crazy when you know it's in walking distance.  ~Author Unknown
8. All truly great thoughts are conceived by walking. - Friedrich Nietzsche
9. "It is solved by walking." - Latin Proverb
10. "Every trip starts and ends on foot"  - ~Author Unknown
11. improving walkability entails improvement not only in the physical infrastructure but equally in the minds of people - CAI-Asia (2010)
12. Walking has important social benefits as well. More people walking on the streets is a signal that an area is safe and interesting. A prominent characteristic of vital urban neighborhoods is their vibrant pedestrian street life (Jacobs, 1961).
13. Man is first and foremost a pedestrian  ~Author Unknown

Depreciation in Trips

Virtually all the cities are showing depreciation in percentage of people using walking as a means of transport. Some cities show dramatic reductions in-spite of traffic models inconsistency to measure walking trips.

Please find a video on walkability in Asian cities which my colleague developed for training participants of ADB transport forum. You may find this interesting..