tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89035185498884438132024-02-07T14:19:20.751+05:30Linking Air Quality, Climate Change and TransportSudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-88118432149829935702012-09-23T08:22:00.002+05:302012-09-23T08:24:58.045+05:30Crunching Numbers on Transport CO2 Emissions in Developing Countries<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sudhir Gota</span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Without reliable data, transport
emissions forecasting is as good as “fortune telling”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We
are investing millions of dollars in transport sector in developing countries
with minuscule data and inconsistent arguments.
In order to understand the implications of poor data, limited capacity
and institutional strength and black-box approach, let us consider the case of
India. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
official estimates suggest that the total number of registered vehicles in the
country has increased from 5.4 million in 1981 to 99.6 million in 2007. Some
researchers argue that the total number of vehicles on road can be as high as
40% less than the total registered vehicles<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
(say 60 million in 2007) and some industry reports suggest that the on-road
vehicular population exceeded 94.7 million in 2010<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
The private vehicles once registered have 15 years validity. The information on
actual number of on-road commercial vehicles is more or less accurate as they
are registered every year. There is no annual record system of deregistration
or scrappage. This results in a huge variation in estimating total number of
active vehicles on road.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
most official estimate of transport CO2 emissions is the 2007 green house gas
inventory<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
It has been estimated that the road transport sector emitted, 121.21 million
tons of CO2 in 2007. Surprisingly, the same institution which quantified the
emissions had reported in a scientific journal<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
that the total number of motor vehicles in 2000 was 48 million and the CO<sub>2</sub>
emissions from road transport sector is <b>105
</b>million tons<b> in 2000. Interestingly,
while the number of vehicles doubled in 7 years, the emissions increased by
only 16 million tons i.e. mere 15%. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
below table summarizes the activity data availability at national level. This
is true for other developing countries also. </span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sl.No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Parameter</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Availability</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Vehicle</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Registered vehicles</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Yes</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">PARC data (vehicles
on road)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">No</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Fuel split</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">No</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Technology split</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">No</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Average age</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">No</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Emission factor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Yes</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Activity</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Average VKT/Year</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">No</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Average VKT/Corridor
type</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">No</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Average speed per
Corridor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">No</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Average occupancy</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Yes ( city)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 145.45pt;" valign="top" width="194"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Average loading</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.65pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Yes ( at corridor level)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
data issues get magnified further in freight sector. For example, the general
lack of data and reliable data for India’s freight sector makes it difficult to
understand, plan and manage freight transport, and makes it virtually
impossible to measure the effectiveness of any policies to improve
competitiveness and efficiency. For example, at present there is no mechanism
in place for regular collecting and reporting data on freight and haulage (ton
kilometer or TKM). No comprehensive data on freight movement is available that
indicates origin, destination, type and size of freight carried on roads by
motorized transport<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.
Furthermore, freight transport is not segregated by different types of trucks
such as light commercial vehicles (LCVs), two-axle, three-axle, etc. As a
consequence, road infrastructure plans and investments and policies are based
on projections that have a high degree of variation and thus uncertainty, as
shown in below table for road freight activity in billion ton-km. </span></div>
<div class="CAIText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoCaption">
</div>
<div class="MsoCaption">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Different
Projections of Road Freight Activity in India<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 74%px;">
<thead>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.28%;" width="9%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Year</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.92%;" width="16%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Billion ton-km by road</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8%;" width="73%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Source</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.28%;" valign="top" width="9%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.92%;" valign="top" width="16%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1128<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8%;" valign="top" width="73%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Road Transport
Demand Forecast for 2000 AD revisited and demand forecast for 2021<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.28%;" valign="top" width="9%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.92%;" valign="top" width="16%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">317<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8%;" valign="top" width="73%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">SMP
Model-IEA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.28%;" valign="top" width="9%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.92%;" valign="top" width="16%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">656<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8%;" valign="top" width="73%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The working
group report for Road Transport for the eleventh Five Year Plan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.28%;" valign="top" width="9%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.92%;" valign="top" width="16%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">518<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8%;" valign="top" width="73%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Interim
report of the expert group on low carbon strategies for inclusive growth<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.28%;" valign="top" width="9%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.92%;" valign="top" width="16%"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">755<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 73.8%;" valign="top" width="73%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Building
India Transforming the nation’s logistics infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
</table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><u>The
below figures summarizes many studies (14 different studies by reputed institutions) which have looked at road transport CO2
estimation and projections</u> for business as usual growth for the Indian road
transport in future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimwQHfNJ14npidDRirU1r0S-z489MvkNZMiTgZABtPjvkjamhlZ2-KzrC1zKlOtptHBjV0elFar8pc8bA3gVE1pEhw4zP2FzFNisOdNkxut4Sfd1zRmcKQ4Dvo00ghGZjUgNORAd8hm-2A/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimwQHfNJ14npidDRirU1r0S-z489MvkNZMiTgZABtPjvkjamhlZ2-KzrC1zKlOtptHBjV0elFar8pc8bA3gVE1pEhw4zP2FzFNisOdNkxut4Sfd1zRmcKQ4Dvo00ghGZjUgNORAd8hm-2A/s640/Picture1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There
is no consistency (<u>except that emissions are set to grow</u>) among results
and such a huge variation in baseline for the CO2 transport emissions in future
in India is shocking. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><i>1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></b><!--[endif]-->The variation in 2030 is approximately
three times i.e. from 395 to 1200 million tons of CO2 emissions. <b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><i>2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></b><!--[endif]-->This variation in 2050 is from 743
million tons to 2300 million tons. <b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
problem is not with only the future projections but also current estimates. <b><i>For
example, the 2005 estimates vary from 98 to 216 million tons. (see below
figure)<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgI78SKsCPJO6PaPVh47kwXjBUWrALXsVHWj9iQjx4xP_UtZolE21yOVst1BcpEm91v-qNDL1Swg2-v4uUhLsfiO0LwYAfpItUOzmIPe6jbBav-bL3Je_3GcTkMZHqVznS5kxf0vc3jxwD/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgI78SKsCPJO6PaPVh47kwXjBUWrALXsVHWj9iQjx4xP_UtZolE21yOVst1BcpEm91v-qNDL1Swg2-v4uUhLsfiO0LwYAfpItUOzmIPe6jbBav-bL3Je_3GcTkMZHqVznS5kxf0vc3jxwD/s640/Picture2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If it is not even possible to establish the
baseline, how do we measure the impact of policies? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
discussion is not India specific and it applies to many of our developing
countries. There is lack of transparency
with regards to data availability and quality which results in questionable
outcomes. Unfortunately we see little discussion on data availability and
quality even though they remain the cornerstone of policy formulation and
investments in transport sector.</span></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" />
</span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707009801">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707009801</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://acmainfo.com/docmgr/Press_Releases/ACMA_ppt_Feb_8_ver_4_0_Edit.pdf">http://acmainfo.com/docmgr/Press_Releases/ACMA_ppt_Feb_8_ver_4_0_Edit.pdf</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> <a href="http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf">http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Sudhir/Desktop/Blog-Crunching%20Numbers%20on%20Transport%20CO2%20Emissions%20in%20Developing%20Countries.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707009801">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969707009801</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-39619049391158083172011-04-29T09:47:00.001+05:302011-04-29T09:49:05.866+05:30HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR CITIES – A CASE OF METRO MANILA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div style="text-align: right;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">I plan to document a series of interviews with people from different cities to understand “how to improve our cities”. The idea is to absorb varied perspectives from different cities and stakeholders on various transport issues in order to capture the problems and solutions and provide a menu of options for policymakers, researchers and other stakeholders. Cities in Asia are using different tools and strategies and thus I hope this experiment of using a series of interview would provide a good basis to understand the issues and solutions in cities without having to travel to the cities.</span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">In the first part, I am concentrating on Manila transport by interviewing an expert from London - Stefan Trinder. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Stefan Trinder is a transport planner with around 8 years’ experience, primarily as a strategic planner at Transport for London. As part of a sabbatical to travel and experience some new cultures Stefan offered to spend 3 months with the MMDA (Metro Manila Development Authority) as a volunteer transport consultant. He recently finished his 3 months of crash course on Manila transport issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsBXgyFo0lnDYywsL7j1ncUjeUE7Kru4ydVkiEKdMX_rGF1f6sOD4zw51dPiJQe_srw-3ffykf1qOKHfaNYsdn5L-x22Zwtlp8Vl900nX6mpAsfS8wIYY4OTMqkjJG8y16ylzVD1pkZYGY/s1600/212+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsBXgyFo0lnDYywsL7j1ncUjeUE7Kru4ydVkiEKdMX_rGF1f6sOD4zw51dPiJQe_srw-3ffykf1qOKHfaNYsdn5L-x22Zwtlp8Vl900nX6mpAsfS8wIYY4OTMqkjJG8y16ylzVD1pkZYGY/s320/212+%25281%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">His sabbatical of ‘actually’ working in developing cities to understand the issues is a “win – win” situation for all. His experience and insights can provide a different dimension to our problems and thus he is the first expert to be interviewed in this series.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Why Manila city?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Manila transport system is rapidly evolving with time. The motorization growth is intense (vehicle double every 10 years) and travel time budget is constantly increasing with time. Traffic congestion is so intense that in 2007, official sources estimated </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Beyond&title=Smarter-cities:Invest-for-the-future&id=22203"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">P140 billion direct and indirect economic losses</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">. The public transport and non motorized facilities are deteriorating with investments dominating towards few mega projects. The landuse policy by the government is very confusing and disconnected with transport system. The city landuse policy is decentralized and it is under control of local municipalities. Manila is probably the only city which i know where the two wheelers have outpaced car growth rates and in recent years two wheelers and tricycles have become dominant modes for the first time. This is in contrast to other cities where car growth rates are outpacing the two wheeler growth rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw2riWhxdBIc6ebg1KoqGfSW_rQUQfpIr8Jt3vU9RCPKKbTuYzrYj_TOrxV3gDnEBtAcAaf7BAaAq5yQs9UtNHcCubhEiB7hOOIb2HNuobTSCgbwHS_DXyLIwQwcGX0XEx0vI0e9-2zhTW/s1600/Manila-vehicle+growth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw2riWhxdBIc6ebg1KoqGfSW_rQUQfpIr8Jt3vU9RCPKKbTuYzrYj_TOrxV3gDnEBtAcAaf7BAaAq5yQs9UtNHcCubhEiB7hOOIb2HNuobTSCgbwHS_DXyLIwQwcGX0XEx0vI0e9-2zhTW/s400/Manila-vehicle+growth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vehicle growth in Manila</td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWM_cWbA2_IRxPBX3S0zmKI3PZZx4QPbKv5osN6Wu618GFSE934yjPhPKmjNTn0MUP1_pOmxoveUuC1OrrSGwJcJ8SXlL8p9hbBOj3iw_erHH16kjbKvlW7W4YVsAVpXv_vd1SbJV8JUVv/s1600/manila+transport+emissions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWM_cWbA2_IRxPBX3S0zmKI3PZZx4QPbKv5osN6Wu618GFSE934yjPhPKmjNTn0MUP1_pOmxoveUuC1OrrSGwJcJ8SXlL8p9hbBOj3iw_erHH16kjbKvlW7W4YVsAVpXv_vd1SbJV8JUVv/s400/manila+transport+emissions.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Growth in CO2 emissions in Manila</td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><b>Interview with Stefan Trinder</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>What do you think of the metro manila transport system?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Unorganised, unreliable and inefficient are the first adjectives that spring to mind. What makes it interesting for a transport planner like me is that there is so much potential for improvement. For me the most interesting challenge is improving quality of life by tackling the long and unreliable commute times endured by many residents, the ugly streets (e.g. gigantic billboards, very little greenery, potholes, litter) and the air pollution to mention just a few factors. The competitiveness of the city suffers because of congestion and <a href="http://www.jari.or.jp/resource/pdf/Philippines_2010/Session4-1_E.pdf">freight restrictions</a> and the impact on the environment is clear for everyone to see. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDOtoj08OUEbf-HZ-BKOy4U7y3pmISzE01QkwRYOc1OI6zhofyayUTcTFynyCytE0OaReoiQiriFNL_nBQkAdArnubn0D4uYd6lEXwRR2NGE0rz-0kFOOFSsnKFNbHs_3yaw8IRQ52UNGx/s1600/IMG_1546.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDOtoj08OUEbf-HZ-BKOy4U7y3pmISzE01QkwRYOc1OI6zhofyayUTcTFynyCytE0OaReoiQiriFNL_nBQkAdArnubn0D4uYd6lEXwRR2NGE0rz-0kFOOFSsnKFNbHs_3yaw8IRQ52UNGx/s640/IMG_1546.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Have you traveled in Jeepneys and Tricycles in Manila? What do you think of them?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">For a visitor they are great fun, but I’m relieved I don’t have to use them every day! <a href="http://ncts.upd.edu.ph/main/downloads/finish/8-graduate-research/62-empirical-analysis-of-route-operating-characteristics-level-of-service-and-profitability-the-case-of-jeepneys-in-the-city-of-manila">Jeepneys</a> dominate public transport in Metro Manila accounting for around 75% of trips. There are around 50,000 registered Jeepneys in the city, although over 80,000 are estimated to be operating. Jeepney owners are very powerful lobby group. Jeepneys provide both local and long distance services and have a capacity of around 20 passengers. Estimates suggest that over 90,000 tricycles operate in Metro Manila.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Both Jeepneys and Tricycles were great innovations of their time (converted army jeeps and adaptions of motorcycles). The original innovations have been duplicated and established as unique traits of the Philippines. Unfortunately the process of duplication led to little further innovation. We are now saddled with huge fleets of antiquated vehicles that don’t provide shelter from the fumes and dust of the road, are tricky to get in and out of if you are tall like I am and account for a sizeable proportion of air pollution. There are initiatives to modernise the Jeepney and Tricycle concepts, such as loan schemes to convert to 4-stroke tricycles and the Makati electric Jeepneys. I very much hope these initiatives are successful and adopted across the city.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">(Literature on problems and solutions being tried out on tricycles can be found <a href="http://www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/node/957">here</a> )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> <b> </b></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>How do you visualize Manila transport System in say 2020?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The density of development in Metro Manila (around 20,000 population per km2) dictates that motorised transport must be dominated by public transport. Decision makers must recognise that aspiring to a transport system typical of a North American city is not possible and look closer to home at the likes of Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore. If this happens then I see a city in the midst of a mass rapid transit building boom (like Chinese cities now) and teeming with gleaming new air-conditioned e-Jeepneys powered by geothermal electricity. I see dedicated lanes on EDSA shared by pedal cycles and e-cycles and huge controversy about planned per km charges for private cars on top of the already introduced parking taxes. If the change in aspiration doesn’t occur then I expect Commonwealth Avenue to be repeated across the city in a frantic effort to build a way out of congestion <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdfrtEDrmwQAIFEzH01mVOxhDzgiigq5HVsrKOnEeVKMKF0-6c2lZNsmNBIa-Svv6EuilVixnsxXWWfSkE-KshXJkvmj-XExHtTN2FkJnItIsEHAeppglV-_WXJqpQEOHmEKb3QYRUY3p/s1600/P1070678.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijdfrtEDrmwQAIFEzH01mVOxhDzgiigq5HVsrKOnEeVKMKF0-6c2lZNsmNBIa-Svv6EuilVixnsxXWWfSkE-KshXJkvmj-XExHtTN2FkJnItIsEHAeppglV-_WXJqpQEOHmEKb3QYRUY3p/s640/P1070678.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>What should London learn from Manila? Any positives you see in the landuse-transport system?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Unfortunately, a lot of my observations in Manila illustrate the consequences of a lack of coordinated planning (e.g. the balance of planning power too far towards the 17 individual Local Government Units that form Metro Manila) and lack of effective regulation (both of public transport services and private traffic). However, I think the AUV/FX concept of point-to-point, limited-stop, demand-responsive service could be helpful in and around London. Especially for longer distance routes such as to and from London airports and between key centres in outer London<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>How did you find walkability and cycling in Manila?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">In a word – appalling. I’m a keen cyclist but never dared to try it partially because of the traffic and also because of the air pollution. I can’t immediately think of any dedicated facilities for cyclists other than the Marikina cycleways. There is great potential for cycling as it would be one of the quickest ways to get around the city. Conditions for pedestrians are no better. The potholed pavements are treated as spare space to park cars, dump garbage and even live. The smelly drains and limited road crossings (that generally involve climbing many flights of stairs) are other factors that deter walking. It’s little wonder that motorised transport such as tricycles are commonly used for journeys of walking distance.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>If you are the MMDA boss for next two years what would be your action plan?</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">It could be argued that MMDA is already overly transport focussed in comparison to the wide range of other responsibilities such as development planning, flood control, disaster preparedness and waste management. However, for MMDA to successfully fulfil its mandate it requires far greater powers to plan, implement and operate schemes across the metropolis with less interference from local and national Government. Therefore, lobbying for a transfer of strategic planning powers from local and national Government would be high on the list of priorities. Within 2 years I think it would be feasible to develop a strategy to transform Jeepney and bus services in the city and (with enhanced powers) have implemented the plan on a number of strategic corridors. In addition I would seek to produce a long term development plan for the city with the aim of attracting investment in transport and other infrastructure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>How was your experience of working in a developing country?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Fascinating to experience at first-hand how planners attempt to get to grips with a metropolis as dynamic as Manila. I witnessed an enormous amount of dedication from colleagues and was warmly welcomed as part of the team. As you would expect there are fewer resources available. In my line of work the resource issue was particularly evident in the limited amount of data and evidence available to guide decision makers. <o:p></o:p></span></div></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-33076878758071385462010-08-29T21:13:00.002+05:302010-08-30T07:04:39.281+05:30Some Myths About Transportation Busted<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sudhir Gota<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Policy makers in Asia still execute piecemeal solutions to reduce the traffic externalities without considering long term impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This article tries to clear some of the misconceptions about transportation. Many research reports over the last decade have debunked some of the traditional approach towards solving transport problems. It’s clear that the policy makers should investigate the various implications and look for co-benefits before executing the solutions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There needs to be a paradigm shift of approach from an early emphasis on motor vehicles towards recognizing the role played by the design of urban complete infrastructure, non-motorized transport and other factors.<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">“Banning Cycle rickshaws and Two Wheelers reduce congestion”</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dhaka and Delhi are two metropolitan cities which have used congestion as a reason to ban cycle rickshaws from the primary arterials. But, </span><a href="http://cai-asia.blogspot.com/2009/07/transport-refugees-victims-of-unjust.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">research</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> conducted in Dhaka has proved that banning a mode of transport such as cycle rickshaw does not improve speed but in fact increases the congestion and fuel consumption. Before and after studies conducted on some roads in Dhaka has proved that there was no travel time gain for fuel dependent vehicle was achieved due to rickshaw ban but instead over the years the travel times for buses did undergo significant deterioration with a 26.1% increase of travel times. Also for shorter trips, there was significant increase in travel time due to non availability of transport-mode. Also it is to be noted that researchers have indicated that that rickshaws in Dhaka city save fuel worth </span><a href="http://rickshawway.blogspot.com/2009/01/tigers-rickshaw.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tk 5,000 crore</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> every year. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Even banning two wheelers as a silver bullet solution for reducing congestion does not seem to work. </span><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/23_Wheeler_Best_Practices_DraftFinal_22Oct09.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Guangzhou</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> is </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the only city with data on the modal shift patterns that resulted from banning motorcycles. In Guangzhou, before motorcycles were banned they constituted 20% of total trips in Guangzhou. Walking accounted for 25%, buses accounted for 30%, bicycles for 10%, cars for 5%, taxis for 5%, and other 5%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the ban in January 2007, of the 20% motorcycle trips, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">51% shifted to the bus, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">18% shifted to the bicycle, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">18% shifted to cars or taxis, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">9% shifted to walking, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2% shifted to the metro, and <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2% shifted to other modes. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sharp decline in average traffic speeds was observed in major arterials. In the view of local traffic engineers, the motorcycle ban combined with gradual increasing car use to push the corridor close to the 80% saturation level that leads to sudden deterioration of road speeds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One can only control two wheelers by providing good public transport facilities, NMT facilities and by pricing the transport optimally.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Small increase in two wheeler ownership tax can reduce the demand<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Many consider that small increase in tax level can make significant impact on ownership levels. This may not be true. One needs to apply carrot and stick strategy i.e. stringent taxation with good public and NMT transport. Consider the case of VietNam, </span><a href="http://www.easts.info/on-line/journal_06/1751.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">preference surveys</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> here have showed that a household is less likely to buy a motorcycle ONLY when the costs of holding a motorcycle are much higher than its annual income or savings. The costs include purchase cost, VAT (5 %), and registration tax (5% in 2005).<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> </span>The survey also revealed that with current registration tax of 5% of the purchased price of the motorcycle, growth rate is about 16% per year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With even 150% tax, the ownerships would drop down to only 7% per year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus only charging motorcycle users at the time of motorcycle registration cannot restrict the desire to own two wheelers. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">“Green Roads” or “Carbon Neutral Roads” can be built by using appropriate materials and techniques – </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The closest one can imagine for a green road or carbon neutral roads are low volume rural roads which cater for the village traffic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In case, if somebody is arguing that a high speed road catering for huge volume of intercity traffic is a green road or carbon- neutral on account of its material and construction technique, then it’s definitely a hoax. </span><a href="http://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation/knowledge-briefs/reg/EKB-REG-2010-16.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Researchers</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> are now arguing that the construction emissions can be considered as peanuts to the giant watermelons i.e. operation emissions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has been found that the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">construction emissions can range from few months to maximum 2 years of operation emissions</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">. So by just by adding few additives and changing the machinery, one cannot construct green roads.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Building expressways help environment by reducing emissions - </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Many engineers believe that expressways improve environment by </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">automatically reduc</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ing</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> congestion.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, to be honest, it’s true that the increased capacity allows speed improvements but this does not necessarily imply that it may lead to emission savings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The impact depends on the extent of induced traffic generated. Latest </span><a href="http://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation/knowledge-briefs/reg/EKB-REG-2010-16.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">research</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> from ADB indicates that by considering induced traffic, the emissions are 17 to 58% more than the scenario with no induced traffic. Thus, in some of the case studies it was found that without considering any induced traffic, the expressway would show reductions in emissions when compared with no improvement scenario and if induced traffic is considered, the emissions actually increase from the without scenario.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BRTS offers high emission savings –</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The impact depends on the design of the BRTS. In case, the BRTS offers only “bus lanes” like what Delhi does, the impact on emissions may be less. The basic philosophy is that the emissions savings would come as a result of – improved buses, shift from cars and two wheelers and impact on landuse and traffic. In case the quality of service is not good, the impact will be less and thus the emissions savings. </span><a href="http://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation/knowledge-briefs/reg/EKB-REG-2010-16.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Researchers</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> have even argued that the</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> impact of BRTS reduces by 74% with an incomplete system</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Future two wheelers would be “E” Bikes <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Many believe that e-bikes would make the motorized four stroke two wheelers extinct. But </span><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/E-bikes_in_India_and_Vietnam_FINAL.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">researchers</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> think otherwise. In order to investigate the potential of e-bike proliferation in the market, </span><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/E-bikes_in_India_and_Vietnam_FINAL.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Chris Cherry el a</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">l. conducted a market survey analysis in Hanoi and Ahmadabad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The analysis examined three different states of e-scooter technology: 1) current technology; 2) upgraded technology; and 3) cutting edge technology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">It was estimated that in the best scenario for e-bikes i.e. cutting edge technology (best), high gasoline price, and e-scooter tax incentive, e-scooter market share reaches its highest level of 42%. With no active support, e-bikes would still hold on to 20% of market share.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bike Sharing Schemes would reduce existing congestion levels<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If one argues that Bike sharing schemes would make a significant contribution in reducing current congestion levels than it’s not correct. Bike sharing schemes would definitely reduce the future motorization and enhance the existing land use but would not make a huge impression on existing congestion levels. </span><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/presentations/Bradley_Schroeder_and_Li_Shanshan_Bike_Sharing_and_Public_Bike_Programs_in_China.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Statistics<span style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[ix]</span></u></span></span></span></span> </span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">reveal that the Bike-share programs bring substantial numbers of new people into bicycling. The evaluation of different schemes suggests that substantial number of public bike riders used to make bus trips (46%) earlier. The approximate shift from Cars, two wheelers and taxis is found to be only 12%. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fuel subsidies help the Poor <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Some conservative </span><a href="http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=1254"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">estimates</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[x]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> suggest a global value of energy subsidy at far more than $300 billion annually. Governments assume that such subsidies help in getting popular support and allow poor people to save money on services like transport. But such assumptions are wrong. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such subsidies help people who consume more i.e. rich. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In </span><a href="http://www.bi.go.id/web/en/Publikasi/Investor+Relation+Unit/Government+Press+Release/Fuel+Subsidy.htm"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Indonesia</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xi]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, it has been estimated that 40 percent of high income families benefit from 70 percent of the subsidy, while 40 percent of the lowest income families only benefit 15 percent. With increasing fossil fuel subsidy, the government’s ability to fund programs which are oriented to the improvement of lives for the poor is dramatically reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Higher Densities mean lesser transport emissions per capita<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Many experts argue for increasing the densities in cities. The argument is correct. Higher densities lead to shorter trip lengths and provide a good recipe for better public transport facilities and non motorized transport.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, it may not be true to presume that it’s always the case. </span><a href="http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CBwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanairinitiative.org%2Fportal%2Fnode%2F3549&ei=EBZ6TJOkD9K8cbWljYQG&usg=AFQjCNFY_VCPaL54LUb1Dg_GfsFWp0M2UQ"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Experience</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> from India has shown that cities having higher density can have higher emissions per capita if the transport system is inefficient. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">For example Surat, Pune, Kochi and Madurai have approximately same area but different density.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kochi and Madurai have less density when compared to Surat and Pune but they also have less energy consumption.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Motorization and Income have direct correlation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Motorization is </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">heavily</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> influenced</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> by</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> the government policy interventions and economic policies</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">. Consider the case of </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Singapore</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> which can be considered as a role model in demand management for Asia. It has shown moderate increase in number of vehicles even with enormous increase in disposable income.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">consider the case of Singapore and Malaysia, Malaysia has nearly twice the number of cars for 1000 people when compared to Singapore with approximate one fourth of per capita income.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similar is the comparison of South Korea and Malaysia. Malaysia has more cars per vehicle than Korea even with 50% less income.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similarly, one cannot assume that city having higher capita income would have higher emissions. </span><a href="http://www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/node/3549"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Experience</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xiii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> from India confirms this. A city like Chandigarh has per capita passenger travel of 2 km/day but a city like Bhopal which has one fourth of per capita income of Chandigarh has a per capita passenger travel of 3 km/day. Surely, the policies have enormous impact.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">Clearly, adopting infrastructure solutions to cater for the explosive growth of vehicles cannot be the right approach. Many myths surrounding the city transport solutions have been debunked. ‘Solutions’ catering for select few at the expense for majority poor would aggravate the situation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clearly, the impact on the poor and the co-benefits needs to be weighed before implementing the solutions. There is an immediate need to provide equal attention to institutional, capacity, financial, social, economic and environmental considerations.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">See </span><a href="http://cai-asia.blogspot.com/2009/07/transport-refugees-victims-of-unjust.html">http://cai-asia.blogspot.com/2009/07/transport-refugees-victims-of-unjust.html</a></div></div><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> See <a href="http://rickshawway.blogspot.com/2009/01/tigers-rickshaw.html">http://rickshawway.blogspot.com/2009/01/tigers-rickshaw.html</a></div></div><div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a> See <a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/23_Wheeler_Best_Practices_DraftFinal_22Oct09.pdf">http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/23_Wheeler_Best_Practices_DraftFinal_22Oct09.pdf</a></div></div><div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a> See <a href="http://www.easts.info/on-line/journal_06/1751.pdf">http://www.easts.info/on-line/journal_06/1751.pdf</a></div></div><div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation/knowledge-briefs/reg/EKB-REG-2010-16.pdf</div></div><div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation/knowledge-briefs/reg/EKB-REG-2010-16.pdf</div></div><div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation/knowledge-briefs/reg/EKB-REG-2010-16.pdf</div></div><div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[viii]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/E-bikes_in_India_and_Vietnam_FINAL.pdf</div></div><div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[ix]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/presentations/Bradley_Schroeder_and_Li_Shanshan_Bike_Sharing_and_Public_Bike_Programs_in_China.pdf</div></div><div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[x]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=1254</div></div><div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[xi]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://www.bi.go.id/web/en/Publikasi/Investor+Relation+Unit/Government+Press+Release/Fuel+Subsidy.htm</div></div><div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[xii]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CBwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanairinitiative.org%2Fportal%2Fnode%2F3549&ei=EBZ6TJOkD9K8cbWljYQG&usg=AFQjCNFY_VCPaL54LUb1Dg_GfsFWp0M2UQ</div></div><div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;"> <div class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/SOME%20MYTHS%20ON%20TRANSPORTATION%20BUSTED.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[xiii]</span></span></span></span></a> See http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CBwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanairinitiative.org%2Fportal%2Fnode%2F3549&ei=EBZ6TJOkD9K8cbWljYQG&usg=AFQjCNFY_VCPaL54LUb1Dg_GfsFWp0M2UQ</div></div></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div></span></span>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-86316220782669980722010-08-17T13:48:00.003+05:302010-08-17T14:11:00.289+05:30Air Quality and Delhi Commonwealth Games<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sudhir Gota</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nearly <a href="http://cwg2010cwc.org/media/factSheet.pdf">6.5 billion</a> USD is being invested in Delhi within a short period of time for the Common wealth games. Transportation investments form a significant chunk of the total investment. Though the exact investment for transport is still being debated by experts, reports claim that nearly 35% of total budget has been allocated for the transport sector – this means whooping 2.2 billion USD. In fact, the Delhi city budget for 2010-11 has contributed 38% of its total budget i.e. nearly 1 billion USD on building transport infrastructure. I would not hesitate to make apples to orange comparison and state that “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the proposed scale of investment is so huge that its equivalent to transport investment needs for next twenty years of 14 small cities having a population of less than 0.5 million</i></b>!!”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">One of the biggest impacts of such measures would be definitely on Air Quality. Unfortunately, Delhi is being daily terrorized by Air pollution. The impact is huge and people call it as India’s Asthma capital!!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">However, news of arrival of many athletes to Delhi is doing wonders to air quality agenda and researchers are hoping that city would strive to get rid of choking pollution which is damaging people’s health. In order to throw more light on the air pollution and Commonwealth games, I managed to catch up with Dr. Sarath Guttikunda who has worked on Air pollution in Delhi and Commonwealth games in his new research. The paper can be found <a href="http://www.urbanemissions.info/sim-series-35.html">here..</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgraRvovMlq0mGOHFFC_6pdLQut7oRyglScMLkH6e5VON4uwCskT-LiW_4epmRhTXoXzXCNyqziqwYNaQNP9wVlMV2Avvwq4ugHZ92qOsu2J9g3MGIhgeqpSaAeAV6xphIxeZEH-GPJNmGS/s1600/Guttikunda+-+Headshot-c.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgraRvovMlq0mGOHFFC_6pdLQut7oRyglScMLkH6e5VON4uwCskT-LiW_4epmRhTXoXzXCNyqziqwYNaQNP9wVlMV2Avvwq4ugHZ92qOsu2J9g3MGIhgeqpSaAeAV6xphIxeZEH-GPJNmGS/s200/Guttikunda+-+Headshot-c.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Sarath Guttikunda </td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><b>Why such a big fuss over Air Quality and Commonwealth games? Does it matter to the citizens and should it matter?</b></i></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><br />
</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sarath - <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">Games, for that matter any big event tends to bring a lot attention to the city - infrastructure, architecture, greenness, people, cleanliness, and air. We saw this end in flying colors in Beijing, which transformed itself, as far as the infrastructure goes and did very well in the clean air category, at least during the Games. The people and the media noticed that - general people noticed that the clean air is possible (in Beijing) and it is a fresh idea that matters the most in the long run. An added incentive of the city officials to focus on clean air is athletes health - for the outdoor games; and a good PR.</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><b>Why Air Quality is not a big agenda in City newspapers and other media reports?</b></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><br />
</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sarath- <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">At least in case of Delhi, this can be attributed to lack of information (not enough monitoring; no set dissemination strategy; and lack of resources on emissions). The media can always report, "today traffic is very heavy, hence the pollution is bad or the winter inversion is low, hence the thick fog". Then, by how much, what is the scale, what are we comparing. The media can play a much bigger role in raising awareness on air quality, which is a growing problem in the city, if the right information is provided to them in the form that can disseminated in an easy to understand form. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><b>What kinds of actions are being proposed?</b></i></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sarath - The actions so far are dominated in the transport sector, including new CNG buses (AC and non-AC), closing down schools to reduce school traffic, new fleet of radio taxi's, banning trucks from entering (even at night) if the final destination is not Delhi, and dedicated lanes for the athletes movement to cut down on vehicle emissions along those corridors. Non-transport measures are possible closing of some industries (yet to be decided), more natural gas usage at the power plants, and even closing of coal based power plants. A measure that the planners are heavily banking on is the use of the new metro lines, with an incentive of free metro pass with every Games ticket.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><b>Huge investment with nearly 35% of total games funds are allotted on transport measures. Are the measures good enough? What would be the long term impact?</b></i></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sarath- All these measures are designed to address short term goals - clean air during the Games. Only measure with a long term vision is the sleek buses on roads, in addition to the metro lines connecting ~190 km across the city. If the athletes stick to the dedicated lanes, they will probably see a smooth sail, with no traffic and minimum exposure to pollution. The regular traffic will get diverted to other corridors, and it is a wait and see game for general public on how this plays in terms of congestion, additional fuel losses, extra pollution, and increase in exposure times. A lot of pavements are being done or repaired across the city, which is a good sign and hope that the city authorities will pick up this pace to support the non-motorized movement in the coming years.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><b>Would Delhi win the race to Clean Air?</b></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sarath - City currently experiences ~100 micro-gm/m3 daily average for PM2.5, compared to India's ambient standard of 60. Even if all the measures are in place, we can garner benefits only along the dedicated lanes and not for the city as a whole, which averages above the WHO standards for health effects (which they now say has no threshold at all). The authorities need to address more of the low hanging fruit, for the Games period and long term, such as road dust, open burning of garbage, and public transport (put more buses on the road). Above all, we need to open access to information that shows where we are on the polluted or clean air charts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">-</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i>Clearly, Delhi needs to find urgent solutions to its pollution and transport problems. Delhi lost a golden opportunity in 1982 Asian games when the strategies resulted in development of huge infrastructure but gave birth to several traffic externalities. Let’s not make the same mistake again!! </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.55pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #454545;"> “If history repeats itself, and the unexpected always happens, how incapable must man be of learning from experience” - </span></i><a href="http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/George_Bernard_Shaw/"><span style="color: navy;">George Bernard Shaw</span></a><span style="color: #454545;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-84333413989735257142010-08-15T14:44:00.000+05:302010-08-15T14:44:27.284+05:30URBAN FREIGHT - A Victim of Policy Neglect<div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">“The existing urban freight policies and strategies are often conflicting and contradictory but finding a sustainable solution is critical… “ <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwzLgPejfCwH5TzqdkdLUrB3nHrx52KyWxgzkQPcyET5N39AP_QFrnsCcD7apb2ACZLQrvfScmtZCVJ6JlL7aMm_R5D7nB_s_anrTFiSI-iv6NjpLPd5wVm9O1D81q3KaJfhjZ9ZkORiEh/s1600/DSC01667.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwzLgPejfCwH5TzqdkdLUrB3nHrx52KyWxgzkQPcyET5N39AP_QFrnsCcD7apb2ACZLQrvfScmtZCVJ6JlL7aMm_R5D7nB_s_anrTFiSI-iv6NjpLPd5wVm9O1D81q3KaJfhjZ9ZkORiEh/s640/DSC01667.JPG" width="480" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Many cities often forget freight issues when scripting the urban transportation plans and thus the result is haphazard implementation of solutions which are often <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">iatrogenesis</span> in nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The traditional approach for solving urban freight is to ban trucks during day times, build bypasses and truck terminals outside the cities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of these solutions which provide priority to passenger transport over freight movement may provide short term relief but may induce long term adverse impacts. Both passenger and freight transport need inclusive policies and not conflicting strategies. For example, consider the future strategies being proposed by Indian cities as shown in below table. The lack of interest shown by the city to tackle the movement of goods is obvious<a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/Urban-Freight.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br />
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</b></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.65pt;" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Sl.No<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">CDP for City<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.55pt;" width="237"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Problem<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.95pt;" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Strategy/Action<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.65pt;" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Chennai<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.55pt;" width="237"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">The number of routes for goods movement is limited. There is also acute shortage of parking for goods vehicles.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.95pt;" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Plans to shift some of the wholesale markets and create truck terminals on the periphery of the City.</span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.65pt;" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Ahmedabad<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.55pt;" width="237"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">The ring roads not fully developed, inadequate parking facilities, increase in vehicles</span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.95pt;" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Improvements in road network, development of d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">ecentralized rail transport terminal</span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 42.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 42.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.65pt;" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Delhi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.55pt;" width="237"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">The high growth rate of vehicular traffic volumes on roads causing congestion, delay, safety issues, pollution, inadequate parking, Intermixing of local and regional passenger and goods traffic.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 42.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.95pt;" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Development of goods and passenger terminals on the basis of directional<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Improvements in Road network.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 63.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 63.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.65pt;" width="32"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Agra<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.55pt;" width="237"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Agra has a transport terminal and it is being developed and improved. However many transport agencies are operating from various parts of the city, resulting in many cargo vehicles parked on the roads. This on-road parking hampers the smooth flow of traffic.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.95pt;" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Development of ring road, parking facilities and truck terminals<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Makeshift Strategies adopted in the Development Plan for Urban transport improvement</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Similar situation exists in several Asian countries and cities. The developed nations like Japan and Korea have provided the directions for streamlining the freight transport and improving the efficiency of the system. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, <a href="file://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/TxBulletin_70/bulletin70_b.pdf">Republic of Korea</a> is aggressively pursuing freight solutions to reduce the emissions. It is planning to make the freight movement environment friendly by building infrastructure supporting quality movement and eliminating bottlenecks. Eight integrated freight terminals and four inland container depots are being constructed. Since more than one-third of trips are deadheaded, a logistics integrated information system is being developed. The integrated system being built is intended to enable electronic data interchange (EDI) and provide freight traffic information such as real-time freight and vehicle location. Also efforts are being made to standardize the logistics-related facilities and equipment. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Government has adopted the “unit load system rule” that provides standardized specifications for containers, loading equipment, freight trucks and freight packages. Tax exemption for investments in logistics standardization is also allowed, in order to enhance the standardization process. As per the National logistics visions and policy for the twenty-first century and framework act of low carbon green growth – model targets have been set on freight movement. As per the target, by 2012, the railways share should increase from 8 to 15% and coastal shipping share should increase from 18 to 22%. The impact of such actions on urban freight would be huge.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Some of the strategies commonly adopted in Asia are<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: left; width: 473px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sl.No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Strategy/freight action<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Impact<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Bypass construction<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Experiences suggest land use development along the bypass thus leading to sprawl over long term. However, immediate impact with reduced congestion over short term on urban roads <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 51.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 51.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Restricting trucks during day time on certain corridors<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Loss of operation hours, heavy traffic impacts during night, increase in growth of light commercial vehicles, freight three wheelers, increase in PM concentration. The daytime traffic flow is improved. Increased use of NMT, two wheelers and three wheelers.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Regulation of delivery time<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Delayed delivery, increase in VKT of trucks<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 9.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Speed limits for trucks<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Improvement in safety<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Banning slow goods vehicle like cycle rickshaws<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Loss of livelihood, traffic deterioration over long term, increase in use of two-three wheelers for freight delivery<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Restricting parking space for goods vehicle<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Increase of illegal parking, increase in trucks idling <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Age restrictions for trucks<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Environmental benefits, adverse impact to truck building industry<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Increase of lane capacity of city roads<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Generation of induced traffic and increased congestion over long term<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 41.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 41.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Establishment of terminal in the inner city linking multimodal transport like railways/port, promoting urban consolidation centers<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 41.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Leads to freight concentration in the specific zone, allows seamless flow of freight among different modes and may improve the efficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">The use of ICT (such as RFID, vehicle routing<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">software or load sharing systems)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Reduction in VKT and improvement in traffic flows, environmental benefits<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Strengthening vehicle emission standards and inspection and maintenance<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Environmental benefits<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 9.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Vehicle load restriction<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Prevents adverse impact on urban road pavements<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Congestion charge<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Improves the performance of the network and improves air quality<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Promoting small vehicles<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Increases the mode share of NMT, two and three commercial vehicles and LCV’s. <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Special zoning for logistic activity<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Leads to freight concentration in the specific zone thus allowing consolidation of the freight network <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Tax instruments – vehicle tax, fuel tax, green tax<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Leads to improvement in efficiency of the system<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Eco-driving<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Eco-driving training is adopted by large fleet owners and its impact on fuel efficiency is good.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, there are chances of increase in VKT to offset fuel savings.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.65pt;" valign="top" width="173"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Improving Trucks Design and fuel efficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252"> <div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">This leads to improvement in vehicle efficiency and thus environmental benefits.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Table - </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strategies adopted in solving urban freight problems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></b></div></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Experts are now arguing that traditional strategy of banning trucks during day time or restricting truck movement or banning NMT freight may cause environmental damage. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The external costs of trucks are high and urban freight is as big a problem as passenger transport. Increasing population, economic growth, motorization and sprawl are all affecting freight movement as passenger movement. Following are some of the aspects that need to be considered before considering solutions for urban freight:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">High Intensity of urban freight movement – </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><a href="http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanairinitiative.org%2Fportal%2Fnode%2F5087&ei=pmNnTI-hFY3ZcbHT3I8F&usg=AFQjCNFr_JMuen2qR6xpRIPofee8su4JmA">Research</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> shows that in India, the urban freight VKT in total metropolitan VKT is substantial with 37% contribution. <a href="http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CB4QFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2Fmain%3FpagePK%3D64193027%26piPK%3D64187937%26theSitePK%3D523679%26menuPK%3D64187510%26searchMenuPK%3D64187283%26theSitePK%3D523679%25">Latest research from China</a> indicates that cars and trucks tend to be the largest contributors to CO2 emissions in urban areas. The larger cities with high industrial sectors or ports activity, such as Guangzhou, Chongqing, and Wuhan, tend to have at least half of </span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">their energy use and CO2 emission coming from trucks. In Bangkok, <a href="http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easts.info%2Fon-line%2Fjournal_06%2F157.pdf&ei=1YtnTLuWKYaXcczEmJAF&usg=AFQjCNEfPuwznm-eJbcPEyDnmUnWjgiuoQ">delivery motorcycles</a> make nearly 4.6 million vehicle-kilometers per day. The main reason for such a high intensity is the existing traffic management strategies which are conducive for motorcycle freight. <a href="http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/publication/gvtcs2003_e.pdf">Investigations in Hong Kong</a> reveal that on an average, goods vehicles made approximate 7.4 trips per day. Goods vans, light goods vehicles and heavy goods vehicles made an average of 7.7 to 7.9 trips per day. Medium goods vehicles made fewer trips per day (6.7 trips per day) while container vehicles made 6.4 trips per day. Interestingly, the total travel/day on an average was 87 km.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Myth about city registrations – </span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/GreenTrucksPilot">Latest survey</a> in</span></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> Guangzhou,<span style="color: black;"> China </span>shows that majority of trucks operating in the city/region is registered elsewhere. <span style="color: black;">The number of heavy/medium duty trucks registered outside Guangzhou outnumber the trucks registered in Guangzhou by 2.6 : 1, to 36.7: 1. For light duty trucks the ratio is about the same, and for mini duty trucks the ratio is reversed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 2 cargo centers surveyed in Guangzhou, more than 95% heavy duty trucks were registered outside Guangdong </span>Province. This shows that trucks registered outside Guangzhou contribute significantly to the freight transportation. This makes it very difficult to look for city based solutions.</span></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Composition of operating cost of city trucks - <a href="http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/publication/gvtcs2003_e.pdf">Survey in Hong Kong</a> reveals that salary costs account for 60-70% of urban freight movement. Fuel costs are only 10-30%. This is a significant point often missed by policy makers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions – Consider the case of <a href="http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easts.info%2Fpublications%2Fjournal_proceedings%2Fats%2FATS-1-1(PDF)%2FATS_1_1_1.pdf&ei=dIFnTImOPMiHcey7hZAF&usg=AFQjCNF5ypyzKewzAXyfeDsI056fMO7kpQ">Manila</a>, experts have analyzed the impact of large freight restrictions and found that such measures are not effective from a regional point of view though may be effective from an area specific scale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The researchers have found that abolishing the existing truck restriction would lead to lower traffic and environmental impacts among the scenarios, this alternative might encounter difficulty in implementation and resistance from the stakeholders.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Air Pollution - Consider the case of Delhi, experts here used the traffic management option commonly adopted in Asia i.e. to ban truck movement in daytime. Though this i</span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">nitially reduced the </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://urbanemissions.blogspot.com/2009/06/photochemistry-of-air-pollution-in.html"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PM levels during the daytime</span></a></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">, however, due to the rapid growth in truck numbers during the night time, the contribution of trucks to day-time PM levels is increasing as night time emissions linger into the daytime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Air Pollution – Experience from <a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/articles-72628_Ch1.pdf">Bangkok</a> and <a href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2008_Oliver_In-use_Vehicle_Emissions_Tianjin.pdf">Tianjin</a> shows that Trucks contribute 59% and 44% of PM emissions from transport.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/cycle-as-freight-may-2009.pdf">Research from Europe</a> has indicated that a leading freight provider like La Petite Reine with 50 employees and 53 bikes by 2007 had transported 700,000 packages, a total of 210,000 km. In the process they displaced nearly 600,000 tonne-kilometres of van transport in Paris alone and saved 204 tonnes of CO2 emissions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Research also indicates that the most customers for cycle freight cite the environment as a factor in their choice, but consider cost, speed and reliability to be of higher priorities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This necessitates a discussion as to if the freight NMT transport share would increase if there is some kind of restriction on motor vehicles. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Finding solutions to urban freight is very important. Currently, in midst of urbanization and motorization, the policy makers are struggling to find solutions for sustainable urban freight and thus initiating policies which creates conflicts with passenger transport and which are contradictory in nature. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s not an easy task. Efficient freight solutions need careful planning and vision. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/Urban-Freight.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">It is also to be noted that research from India has in fact shown that the composition of freight vehicles in the total fleet is significant ( 5-30%) and the quantum of freight flow has exhibited no correlation with the size of city in terms of population and the dominant commodities were food products and building materials. The solutions for such commodities need to be different. The freight sector in general has been a victim of policy neglect.</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div></span></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-15131033651673683392010-08-08T17:33:00.001+05:302010-08-08T17:34:56.084+05:30Few Insights on Bike Sharing Schemes<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br />
</span></span></div></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">My previous<a href="http://transport-solutions.blogspot.com/2010/08/revolutionizing-public-transport-with.html"> blog</a> resulted in a request for more insights on bike sharing system. Please find below some insights on such systems based on literature review and my understanding of the subject.</span></span><br />
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<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">A minimum standard of bicycle infrastructure is necessary to ensure safety and accessibility to bike-sharing stations. Experts argue that bikeways, bike lanes, special intersection modifications, and priority traffic signals and other facilities are the key for its success. Without any infrastructure, bike sharing scheme does not have any chance. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The number of daily users per bike increase for larger and denser systems. Isolated small systems have smaller impact. In other words, larger the system, wider the coverage, more would be the usage of a bike in a day.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Bike-sharing trips should be short and the system should encourage short trips.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">More number of bikes should be located in CBD/tourist areas as the usage would be more<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Stations should be separated by not more than 500m. As a ageneral rule of thumb, It should be ideally less than 300m. In case, it’s more than 500m, it adversely affects the usage.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Pricing should be optimal - virtually all schemes provide first 30 min or 60 min free to encourage short trips<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Bicycle availability and in good condition is important. To ensure this one needs to provide good budget for maintenance. many schemes use atleast 1000 USD/Year/Bike for operational maintenance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">In case the terrain is hilly, bike distribution to stations becomes difficult (people would not ride uphill). So distributing the bikes with trucks to various stations is a common solution. But better idea is to vary the pricing... provide more free time at low demand area.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">9.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Availability of people already biking was considered initially as a recipe for success. Many cities which initially adopted this had high bike share (10-30%)... but slowly after its success in US where the bike population is not even 1% is making people consider this as a myth.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">10.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">No smart bike program has made a profit to date from its operation. So schemes designed with profit in mind are less likely to be successful.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">11.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Interesting thing about ownership is that now even public transit authorities are getting involved in these schemes for solving first and last connectivity problem. In fact, many consider that Bikes and stations should be co-located with transit for best integration.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">12.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Temperature and rains have big impact. For example, data <a href="http://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/2008/02/random-velib-data.html">from velib</a> indicates that the ratio of trips during bad weather and good weather is sometimes as high as 1: 4.6. The success of the scheme depends on design to counter the adverse impact of weather. Some cities are proposing 3 season design which means that the system would not work during rainy season or in hot summer. By using appropriate design like shades, overhead cover, routes through interlinked parks etc. the weather impacts can be reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">13.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Theft is a big problem. Many assume that this system does not work in cities having high crime rates based on Velib experience. This is not true. The design makes a big difference. Barcelona has higher crime rate then Paris but only few number of bikes vandalized or stolen. The locking mechanism and the technology used make a big difference. Also, one cannot keep security deposit less than the cost of the bike (many cities have done that). Also, by allotting appropriate budget ( say 10%) thefts can be reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">14.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Average trip length of bike users is around 4 km and >60% of users are less than 40 years old.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">15.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Placement of bike station requires managing the conflicting desires of program visibility and aesthetics.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">16.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Bike sharing stations should be so located so as to encourage multimodal transport. Locating bikes only at destinations or origins does not work. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">17.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Bike-share programs need have more docking stations than bicycles (typically 40-50% more) to ensure that users can always find a place to leave their bicycle. Sufficient bicycles and docks are needed to guarantee accessibility of bikes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">18.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Some argue that keeping the system open for 24 hours can increase the patronage as seen in Velib. Nearly 25% of trips are between 9 pm to 3 am. So keeping the stations open during the sunrise to sunset may reduce the demand.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">19.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Experts believe that mandating helmet use on bike-sharing may not be a great idea and may adversely influence ridership. Some cities are changing their laws on helmets when implementing bike sharing schemes while some are handing out free helmets with annual subscription, launching safety campaigns etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">20.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Share bikes should be distinctive and should be designed for urban areas. Like BRTS, branding is important.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">21.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">In case the commercial model follows franchise model relying on bicycle advertisements, than the priority areas for initial placement depends on demand.<o:p></o:p></span></div></span></div></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-25723978006796805392010-08-06T14:18:00.001+05:302010-08-06T14:19:09.259+05:30Air Pollution in China<div class="MsoNormal"><b><embed allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#000000" flashvars="videoId=20100804104624&filePath=/flvxml/2009/08/04/&url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/dialogue/20100804/104624.shtml&configPath=http://js.player.cntv.cn/xml/english_config.xml&widgetsConfig=http://english.cntv.cn/player/widgetsConfig.xml&languageConfig=http://js.player.cntv.cn/xml/en/en.xml&hour24DataURL=&outsideChannelId=channelBugu&videoCenterId=48b87a45ef2b42886ccd97b57b143464" height="346" id="v_player_cctv" lk_media="yes" lk_mediaid="lk_juiceapp_mediaPopup_1257416656250" menu="false" name="v_player_cctv" quality="best" src="http://player.cntv.cn/standard/cntvOutSidePlayer.swf?v=0.170.9.5.9.5" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="561"></embed></b></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-10888709887263353462010-08-05T19:38:00.007+05:302010-08-05T21:47:40.782+05:30Revolutionizing Public Transport with Bike Sharing Systems<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">London Mayor’s ambition to increase cycling in the city by 400 percent in 25 years has resulted in development of a new bicycle sharing scheme which is being publicized as </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">"</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-10810869">a new dawn for the bicycle in the capital</a></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">“. </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">London is not alone. Such systems exist in more than 260 areas/cities worldwide. These kind of schemes are formulated with the philosophy of collaborative consumption and the best thing is -it’s low cost, works best for short trip lengths and helps prevent sprawl and improves health. Many believe that like BRTS, these systems have the potential to transform public transport systems and also help in evolving public acceptability of bike as a means of active transport.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">This system has evolved in last four decades - from simple painted, free-to-use bicycle system to </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">coin-operated locking system to third generation systems using card reading technology. Experts believe that the next generation of schemes would be more techno-savvy i.e. d</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">emand-responsive and multi-modal systems. Good overviews of such systems are available <a href="http://tris.trb.org/view.aspx?id=911158">here</a> and <a href="http://www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/pdf/JPT12-4DeMaio.pdf">here</a>. Rich resources are being daily updated <a href="http://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/">here</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq69Sk968KQnF93aW3rvpZPhJHhycnWsNUxH2J_IOIH1j6y6wZJBMCCkm4-EdYfi0MJ99da8XvwQKhZ0fHcPRhcPh910Fq_KWxZGObtpE5fL6vc8Wybgo18u77aqdvocA2EMxf9tIG4PnZ/s1600/IMG_2623.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq69Sk968KQnF93aW3rvpZPhJHhycnWsNUxH2J_IOIH1j6y6wZJBMCCkm4-EdYfi0MJ99da8XvwQKhZ0fHcPRhcPh910Fq_KWxZGObtpE5fL6vc8Wybgo18u77aqdvocA2EMxf9tIG4PnZ/s640/IMG_2623.JPG" width="480" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Source : CAI Asia </span></div><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;"><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/presentations/Bradley_Schroeder_and_Li_Shanshan_Bike_Sharing_and_Public_Bike_Programs_in_China.pdf">Statistics </a>reveal that the Bike-share programs bring substantial numbers of new people into bicycling. The evaluation of different schemes suggests that substantial number of public bike riders used to make bus trips (46%) earlier. Clearly, increasing the number of buses need not be the only sustainable solution for the planners. Investigations show that such schemes do not have significant impact on current congestion levels. The approximate shift from Cars, two wheelers and taxis is found to be only 12%. But, one also needs to consider the future growth of vehicles and subsequent congestion and future infrastructure investment required to realize the impact of such systems. The positive impact of such schemes on environment should not be neglected. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quick conservative assessment reveals that a small system in Asia with 1000 bikes on an average can reduce 120 tons of CO2 emissions/year or 120 kg’s of CO2 emissions per bike per year.</b> On economic terms, the savings may be less but then one needs to consider the long term impact on people’s mindset and the land use.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Why bike sharing system is so popular with people? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/presentations/Bradley_Schroeder_and_Li_Shanshan_Bike_Sharing_and_Public_Bike_Programs_in_China.pdf">Reports</a> reveal that in a survey in China many people were asked <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">as to why they prefer public bike systems</i> and they responded - </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">35% - Convenient for transfer, 32% - Saves time versus previous mode, 18% - Environmental Friendly and 16% - Convenience<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> <iframe frameborder="0" height="350" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&om=1&msa=0&msid=104227318304000014160.00043d80f9456b3416ced&source=embed&ll=43.580391,-42.890625&spn=90,154.6875&output=embed" width="425"></iframe><br />
<small>View <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&om=1&msa=0&msid=104227318304000014160.00043d80f9456b3416ced&source=embed&ll=43.580391,-42.890625&spn=90,154.6875" style="color: blue; text-align: left;">The Bike-sharing World Map</a> in a larger map</small></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> Source : </o:p></span><a href="http://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/">http://bike-sharing.blogspot.com/</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s clear that when technology and infrastructure are harmonized to create a cheap public transport sharing system, the results can be exciting. In fact in order to encourage short trips, these systems provide generally free service up to 60 minutes. Reports suggest that on an average, the bikes are being used 2 to 16 times a day depending upon the location, scheme and city structure. Such is the popularity of the system that it is been developed, financed and managed by diverse set of stakeholders ranging from local governments, transport agencies, advertising companies, for-profit, and non-profit organizations.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.7pt; width: 444px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: white; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.35pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">System<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>VELIB’<o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>BICING<o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>BIXI<o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.35pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>Beijing <o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>Hangzhou <o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>Nanchang <o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.15pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"><b>Wuhan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 45.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.35pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Operator<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">JCDecaux<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">ClearChannel Adshel<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Sta onnement de Montréal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.35pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Fortune<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Bicycle service<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Xinfeida<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.15pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Xinfieda<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.35pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">City<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Paris<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Barcelona<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Montreal, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.35pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Beijing <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Hangzhou <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Nanchang <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.15pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Wuhan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.35pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Start Date<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Jul-07<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Mar-07<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Spring 2009<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.35pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Aug-05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">May-08<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Aug-09<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.15pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Nov-08<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.35pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Bicycles<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">20,600<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">6,000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">5000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.35pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">10,000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">50,000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">1000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.15pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">20000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.35pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Bike Stations<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">1451<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">400<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">400<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.35pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">1000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">2000<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.15pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">718<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.35pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">Rentals/day<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" width="52"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">12.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.45pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.35pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">2.32<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.2pt;" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.15pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;">The potential for bike sharing in Asia is huge. Researchers believe that more than <a href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2001/UrbanizationTakesonNewDimensionsinAsiasPopulationGiants.aspx">60 percent</a> of the increase in the world's urban population over the next three decades will occur in Asia. To accommodate such a large population not only the cities would enlarge, number of cities would also increase rapidly. Bike sharing schemes with low cost and high performance can provide better solutions for cities having significant number of trips with short trip lengths (less than 6 km). Mark my words – “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The bike revolution would revolutionize public transport systems</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i></span></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-17005427058688275152010-07-30T21:06:00.021+05:302010-11-02T18:12:02.900+05:30Walkability in Asian Cities - few Quotes and Statistics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b><br />
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<div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: auto; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfhSOXNpfoXwqndG8IXgq5eVOAeEIzzEUtXsyuA9vyHcPNQzBzEoYBdBPoMRc3KGF9QbHlGjyQjMx6CYb31abWL4OGWm_iPSXOwOr8xKRfgumfRYIipRHe6vU546dqfJNq3yeZVQG6K34O/s1600/bangalore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfhSOXNpfoXwqndG8IXgq5eVOAeEIzzEUtXsyuA9vyHcPNQzBzEoYBdBPoMRc3KGF9QbHlGjyQjMx6CYb31abWL4OGWm_iPSXOwOr8xKRfgumfRYIipRHe6vU546dqfJNq3yeZVQG6K34O/s640/bangalore.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><strong><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">“In the age of carbon footprint we are forgetting human footprints”</span></strong><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I have collected few statistics and quotes on walkability. I am sure that these would derive a range of emotions from you – anger, surprise, despair, disgust, empathy etc….</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Pedestrian facilities have been depreciating over the past decade. Cities which are naturally designed for walking are increasingly becoming motorized by vehicles. Travel time budgets are breaking new barriers with many people travelling for more than 2 hours a day and getting frustrated with the quality of transport. Everybody acknowledges that walkability is very important but however translating ideas to practice has been very slow. Pedestrian improvement projects provide cheap solution to the problem of urban mobility. <o:p></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Using the same money as required for constructing 1 km metro, one can, on an average, construct 350 km of new quality sidewalks. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">If the footpaths had been expensive, things would have been different !!</span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Statistics from CAI-Asia study on </b></span><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/Bert_Fabian_CAI-Asia_Walkability_27MayFinal.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Walkability in Asian cities</span></b></span></a></span></span></div><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">82% of people in asia are willing to walk maximum of only 100m to access pedestrian crossings.</span></span></span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">If the walking environment is not improved, 82% of people would shift to vehicles</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">About 40% of people consider that they are most exposed to air pollution while walking</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">More than 70% of people in Kathmandu and Jakarta consider their walkways as bad or of poor quality</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">In Asia, the budget for pedestrian facilities is often in the range of 0.2 to 5% of transportation budget while it accommodates more than 30% of trips.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">On an average 28% of trips are within 3 km, 24% within 3 to 6 km in an asian city</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Using the same money as required for constructing 1 km metro, one can, on average, construct 350 km of new quality sidewalks</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">In a city, commercial areas have the best walkability whereas the public transport terminals have the worst walkability</span></li>
</span></span></ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXtyvS62PFnIRIVKAYbFxfaBIJLdxJ31D90JWKbqb76Smu11JiXZxWXp8xA6DRDwwy1uGM4Y4EPJV-q-absMKDMogWTnP4JdP_fbfxtbVTM29jepCphkB323VXPRcKoACBXjEMvu3zEl9N/s1600/toi1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXtyvS62PFnIRIVKAYbFxfaBIJLdxJ31D90JWKbqb76Smu11JiXZxWXp8xA6DRDwwy1uGM4Y4EPJV-q-absMKDMogWTnP4JdP_fbfxtbVTM29jepCphkB323VXPRcKoACBXjEMvu3zEl9N/s400/toi1.jpg" width="383" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBrmdhP0jxuD8u-wbm5cseVbTz99fPQ2zGSq9SMBzZTx98JxdjWs4sIfEMqocKZnTcBTzkdVrg_bqE0g6G0XwoHfNr9_Xz119zu2vvmV5wDq9EqKT7Vy-Qc6ui8ElNgorCrt67C9xMI6Do/s1600/toi2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBrmdhP0jxuD8u-wbm5cseVbTz99fPQ2zGSq9SMBzZTx98JxdjWs4sIfEMqocKZnTcBTzkdVrg_bqE0g6G0XwoHfNr9_Xz119zu2vvmV5wDq9EqKT7Vy-Qc6ui8ElNgorCrt67C9xMI6Do/s400/toi2.jpg" width="285" /></span></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">Source : Times of India</span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"><b>Statistics from other sources</b></span></span></span></div></div><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">In Sri Lanka, at least 1/10th of space of all roads within urban areas provided exclusively for non-motorized transport such as for sidewalks for walking and bicycle lanes (Action Plan for Traffic Management in Greater Colombo (2008))</span></span></span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In Jakarta, people with disabilities must wear special signs that are visible to motorists - (Article 132 (3)) of </span><a href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/national/disabled-call-new-traffic-law-useless/277694"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Traffic and Road Transport Act of Indonesia</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">40% of the total Road Length of Delhi has no Sidewalks- </span><a href="http://www.uttipec.nic.in/PedestrianGuidelines-30Nov09-UTTPEC-DDA.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">RITES Transport Demand Forecast Study: May 2008</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Nearly half of fatal accidents in Delhi involve – pedestrians - </span><a href="http://www.cseindia.org/node/70"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Walkability Roundtable, Centre for Science and Environment</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">, July 2009</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Nearly half of fatal accidents in Philippines and Bangladesh involve pedestrians - </span><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2010/traffic_injuries_media_20100303/en/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">World Health Organization (WHO, 2009)</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Benefit-cost ratio of replacing the underground crossings with surface crossings is 7.6:1 – </span><a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cA2JhuV_JJMJ:www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/Item10-Subways.pdf+surface+transport+tfl+subways&hl=en&gl=uk"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Transport</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> for London</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">68% of countries in the world don’t have national or local level policies that promote walking and cycling - </span><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2010/traffic_injuries_media_20100303/en/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">World Health Organization (WHO, 2009)</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In Bangalore, three pedestrians are killed on roads every other day and more than 10,000 are hospitalized annually- </span><a href="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/city-pedestrians-face-grave-danger-354"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Deccan herald</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Children under ten years old are the most vulnerable pedestrian group in Thailand - </span><a href="http://www.library.ait.ac.th/ThesisSearch/summary/Moinul%20Hossain.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Asian Institute of Technology</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">50% of people don’t use skywalks since it involves climbing, descending and long detour - </span><a href="http://www.bmlta.org/sites/default/files/Summit08/Mr.%20D.%20Sanyal.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">D Sanyal, Bangalore Transportation Summit</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In Hong Kong only 13.5% of households have access to private vehicles – 2002, </span><a href="http://pda.td.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/publications/free_publications/travel_characteristics_survey_2002_final_report/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Transport Department</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In Hong Kong, 49% of people don’t walk due to unsuitable weather – 2002, </span><a href="http://pda.td.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/publications/free_publications/travel_characteristics_survey_2002_final_report/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Transport Department</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In Fushun, 58% of the survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that cars do not slow down at marked midblock crossings - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><a href="http://tris.trb.org/view.aspx?id=890008">Wendy Tao</a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">I<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">n 2009, more than 70% of road fatalities in Mumbai were Pedestrians - Mumbai Traffic Police</span></span></span></li>
</span></span></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"><b>Other quotes</b></span></span></span></div><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">“Restore human legs as a means of travel. Pedestrians rely on food for fuel and need no special parking facilities.” - Lewis Mumford quotes (American Writer, 1895-1990)</span></span></span></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Everywhere is walking distance if you have the time. ~Steven Wright</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">No city should be too large for a man to walk out of in a morning. ~Cyril Connolly</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">A pedestrian is someone who thought there were a couple of gallons left in the tank. ~Author Unknown</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Thoughts come clearly while one walks. ~Thomas Mann</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Walking: the most ancient exercise and still the best modern exercise. ~Carrie Latet</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Don't let people drive you crazy when you know it's in walking distance. ~Author Unknown</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">All truly great thoughts are conceived by walking. - Friedrich Nietzsche</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">"It is solved by walking." - Latin Proverb</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">"Every trip starts and ends on foot" - ~Author Unknown</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">improving walkability entails improvement not only in the physical infrastructure but equally in the minds of people - CAI-Asia (2010)</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Walking has important social benefits as well. More people walking on the streets is a signal that an area is safe and interesting. A prominent characteristic of vital urban neighborhoods is their vibrant pedestrian street life (Jacobs, 1961).</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">Man is first and foremost a pedestrian ~Author Unknown</span></li>
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Virtually all the cities are showing depreciation in percentage of people using walking as a means of transport. Some cities show dramatic reductions in-spite of traffic models inconsistency to measure walking trips.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div><br />
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</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfCaRNFjRsaLzPFyofrELf2FK93aEPxdwjKxKQkr7HOHY7ryaFRzbXVp8kXNSSm-_x5KBXO0g2hqYz54F0PErvHsw9VfzWvzPzqud5AgnCqFY1XVebq81kyFO7R5FHVMy1CIY0UUIh1CW0/s1600/modeshare-walkability.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfCaRNFjRsaLzPFyofrELf2FK93aEPxdwjKxKQkr7HOHY7ryaFRzbXVp8kXNSSm-_x5KBXO0g2hqYz54F0PErvHsw9VfzWvzPzqud5AgnCqFY1XVebq81kyFO7R5FHVMy1CIY0UUIh1CW0/s400/modeshare-walkability.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">Please find a video on walkability in Asian cities which my colleague developed for training participants of ADB transport forum. You may find this interesting..</span></span><br />
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</span></span></div></div></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-82928852639798645062010-07-29T19:46:00.011+05:302010-07-29T21:15:02.547+05:30Impact of Expressways on Emissions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxD40NPRGoxnnaZ7a5xnkhsNckwMJy4aInJt-rnxlxcl7Eo0_75xb4T5kuyl_Qmd73CxIleiY3PmIQxRX7yMUIxNCbbIsyrVNXVTIe_T9sLiuqN3CJsX1e5dvjpHsrXDeJBl-Vk58drbg/s1600/MVC-166X.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxD40NPRGoxnnaZ7a5xnkhsNckwMJy4aInJt-rnxlxcl7Eo0_75xb4T5kuyl_Qmd73CxIleiY3PmIQxRX7yMUIxNCbbIsyrVNXVTIe_T9sLiuqN3CJsX1e5dvjpHsrXDeJBl-Vk58drbg/s640/MVC-166X.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8903518549888443813&postID=8292885263979864506" name="_Toc264912240"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Expressways are often packaged as a silver bullet solution to reduce congestion and emissions. While, expressways provides fast and reliable movement, but it is effective only when one optimally prices the travel. Building roads without pricing it optimally yields high induced development and traffic thereby causing gridlock again – a case similar to new mall providing discounts to generate the footfalls. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></a></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8903518549888443813&postID=8292885263979864506" name="_Toc264912240"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></span></a></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Huge number of literature has been generated from around the world showing that an expressway which provides cheap mobility often induces more traffic and thus builds congestion in the network. But, not much research has been carried out on life cycle assessment of such expressways. Three corridors in India and one in VietNam were considered for investigation. The projects were essentially two lanes to four lane conversion projects. The VietnNam corridor was a new expressway project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The impact has been considered in two stages – short and long term. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a.</span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Short Term: It is incorrect to assume that higher speeds always reduce emissions</span></b></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It's a myth that higher the speed, lower would be the emission. On the contrary, the emission is lowest when speed is in the range of 40-60 kmph. Lower emissions not only mean better environment but also saving precious fuel. The impact of capacity expansion on corridors during the first 5 years after the improvement after neglecting the induced traffic is shown below. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><thead>
<tr style="height: 21.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Project<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Scenario<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.65pt;" width="248"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Description (Kilo tons CO2/Km)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">~V/C<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.7pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Avg Speed (kmph)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">1<sup>st</sup> Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2<sup>nd</sup> Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3<sup>rd</sup> Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">4<sup>th</sup> Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">5<sup>th</sup> Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
</thead> <tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Belgaum-Dharwad<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">BAU<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.65<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.78<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.92<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.07<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.22<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.45<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">58<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">After Project<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.69<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.83<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.97<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.12<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.27<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">80<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Salem-Namakkal<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">BAU<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.28<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.39<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.51<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.63<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.77<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.4<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">59<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">After Project<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.32<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.43<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.55<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.67<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">2.81<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">80<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Surat-Manor<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">BAU<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">5.959<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">6.452<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">7.434<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">7.962<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">8.107<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.85<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">41<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">After Project<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">5.415<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">5.842<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">6.327<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">6.659<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">7.213<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">76<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.0pt;" width="88"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">Ho Chi Minh -Long Thanh-Dau Giay<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">BAU<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.099<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.354<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.63<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.94<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">4.265<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.52<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">After Project<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.15pt;" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.211<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.476<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">3.763<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">4.073<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">4.41<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">0.23<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 9pt;">80<o:p></o:p></span></i></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div></span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Impact of Road Capacity Expansion in Corridors during Five Years </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (excluding induced traffic impact)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">It is clear that even during initial years the capacity expansion may not yield CO2 savings. The savings are obtained only in the projects which has existing speed below 40kmph. Increasing the capacity of road which already facilitates speed between 40-60 kmph is iatrogenic. The spur in speed can have disastrous effects on emissions if it exceeds the 40-70 kmph range.</span></div></span></span></b></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8903518549888443813&postID=8292885263979864506" name="_Toc264912241"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b.</span></b></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Long Term: Induced traffic should not be neglected in emissions quantification</span></b></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8903518549888443813&postID=8292885263979864506" name="_Toc264912241"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></span></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 155.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An increase in traffic speed reduces the cost thereby attracting more traffic. Researchers globally have found lane kilometer to have a statistically-significant relationship with VKT. This impact has been quantified in the range of 0.5 to 1. Considering the above criteria and by varying the levels of induced traffic, the emissions were quantified to evaluate the impacts of induced traffic. Using an induced traffic elasticity of 1, the analysis shows that emissions typical national highway in India are higher by over 58% as compared to a scenario which excludes induced traffic considerations. Under varying scenarios of elasticity from 0.25 to 1, the quantified emissions may range from 17 to 58% when tested for 3 different corridors. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 155.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 155.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An analysis of a typical corridor shows that induced traffic would reduce the initial year savings and would increase the emissions over the project lifecycle.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpTMt_JpXigamnI5mfsQV82BThJlSMinKEv7UZXdXH3ojokJs-kr2OncihtTTBKg1mydHjnQj3-UuUxbysX31mIn-42NiFyD44Y5Hc61b_UmWNMnltbPiiel54XSbtIzTGDzCFAOyeePGk/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpTMt_JpXigamnI5mfsQV82BThJlSMinKEv7UZXdXH3ojokJs-kr2OncihtTTBKg1mydHjnQj3-UuUxbysX31mIn-42NiFyD44Y5Hc61b_UmWNMnltbPiiel54XSbtIzTGDzCFAOyeePGk/s400/10.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></o:p></b></div></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c.</span></b></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Air quality impacts are highly correlated to CO2 emissions</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 155.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In case the project provides CO2 reductions there is a huge likelihood that the project may provide similar air quality benefits. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.4pt; text-align: justify; width: 577px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 190.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="254"><br />
</td><td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 242.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="323"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: #20124d;">% Increase with induced traffic ( elasticity 1)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.4pt; text-align: right; width: 373px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"></td> <td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="258"></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">CO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">2</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">PM<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Nox<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Surat Manor <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">64<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">76<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">81<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">Salem Namakkal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">80<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #20124d;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></o:p></b><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></o:p></b></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d.</span></b></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Construction of expressways make individual travel more efficient</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 155.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It’s true that expressways due to high induced traffic may increase the emissions when compared with no project scenario. It’s also true that expressways make the individual travel better. Over the project lifetime, it was found that the improvement is in the range of 20-25%. However, more traffic on the road nullifies the benefit and increases the total emissions.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 155.25pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><br />
</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e. </span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Road maintenance can impact the emissions profile of vehicles</span></b><span style="color: #1f497d; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By increasing the roughness from 2m/km to 4, 6 and 9 m/km, the emissions (CO</span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Tons/Km/Year) increase by 1.6, 3.3 and 5.8% respectively. Thus by following good maintenance strategies, emissions can be reduced to a certain extent by keeping a check on emissions. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More insights on impact of roughness can be found </span><span style="color: #1f497d;"><a href="http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Green-Transport/Green-Transport.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">here</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f.</span></b><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Construction Emissions should be considered in project analysis</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Literature review and subsequent analysis indicated that the construction emissions are a significant fraction of total lifetime emissions. An analysis based on the quantity of construction materials used – cement, steel and bitumen indicates that the approximate emissions of a two lane to four lane improved highway is approximate 1100 tons/km. When all the quantities are considered including the emissions generated by machinery, the emissions range from 2100 to 2400 tons/km for high-speed roads (four-lanes) based on traffic, topography and type of improvements suggested. The operations emissions calculated in the test corridors ranged from 1700 to 7000 tons/km indicating that for high speed roads, (at-grade four-lane highway) construction emissions can range from few months to maximum 2 years of operation emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">g.</span></b><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></b></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Placeholders </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="CAIHeading3" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The analysis of three corridors provided the following placeholders<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1f497d;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1f497d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CO2 Footprint = 1100 Tons/lane-km/Year</span></i></b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i></i></span></b></span><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></i></b></span></span><span style="color: #1f497d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CO2 Savings Indicator = -350 Tons/lane-km/Year ( - ve sign indicates increase in emissions when compared to BAU)</span></i></b></span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Please click here to read the </span><a href="http://www.adb.org/Documents/Evaluation/Knowledge-Briefs/REG/EKB-REG-2010-16.pdf"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">entire report</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and access </span><a href="http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/presentations/ADB_-_Narendra_Singru_final.pdf"><span style="color: #1f497d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">presentations</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Comments can be mailed to sudhir(at)cai-asia.org.</span></span></div></span><br />
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</b></span></div></span>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-33132978524781850672010-07-26T15:42:00.010+05:302010-07-26T16:43:37.657+05:30IS MOTORCYCLE A SYMBOL OF FREEDOM?<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">“</span></i></span><a href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/201007245778/putin-rides-harley-davidson-tricked-out-trike-at-ukrainian-bike-show.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Bike is the most democratic transport vehicle</span></i></a><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">. Bike is the most daring, challenging as it gives its owner the tempting feeling of freedom, that is why one can say without any exaggeration, bike is a symbol of freedom” - </span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Vladimir Putin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>A recent comment by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin on motorcycles as a means of democratic transport or as a symbol of freedom forced me to write a blog on motor cycles. Motorcycles are a unique mode of transport. Many people love to use it and many hate to see it. Based on my personal experience, I equate bikes with guns. It allows many to earn livelihood, reach hospitals and schools. But a single mistake can lead to several deaths!! </i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvpZ4q7lsFPj5WCetcwl5qL520Ja_T1udVKvyK7bOg_vLjsAPFA9JFH3e9c9IPPtkTThi5D7dXKRVZImi3LHD2YJvRZe65Mn0sYqSFGkqk6_1DfLtkPjJQD6Uz9wcXKQ-ycCKZAw-WL-Gg/s1600/DSC07223.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvpZ4q7lsFPj5WCetcwl5qL520Ja_T1udVKvyK7bOg_vLjsAPFA9JFH3e9c9IPPtkTThi5D7dXKRVZImi3LHD2YJvRZe65Mn0sYqSFGkqk6_1DfLtkPjJQD6Uz9wcXKQ-ycCKZAw-WL-Gg/s400/DSC07223.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Motorized two wheelers have exploded in numbers in the last two decades. In 2005, Asian countries accounted for 80% of the total world’s motorcycle fleet of 290 million units and 90% of world motorcycle sales. China accounts for 50%, with around 17 million units produced per year while Indonesia and India with around 5 million units per year and Vietnam with 2 million units per year. The projections by experts suggest that the numbers would multiply in future as the technological solutions would increase the number of models while bringing the cost down. Increasing travel distances in our cities with availability of cheap loans is making it easier for two wheelers to prosper….</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVyupfn0trBiETKNPcKCQ2tCVo6o7LoIpCrIDlaNPGvsLbU36oGW_K_qk41ZgrpyhM9OpYevci8vjTViF0yKosZUExUFLm-DHZRN1k_Eg81nyyPk_IjIvkIXKy9bfkN_KV9Xv24dohhUdc/s1600/two-wheelers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVyupfn0trBiETKNPcKCQ2tCVo6o7LoIpCrIDlaNPGvsLbU36oGW_K_qk41ZgrpyhM9OpYevci8vjTViF0yKosZUExUFLm-DHZRN1k_Eg81nyyPk_IjIvkIXKy9bfkN_KV9Xv24dohhUdc/s640/two-wheelers.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Also, increasing number of two wheelers has resulted in formulation of contradictory policies. Some cities have banned the use of two wheelers while some are promoting it with facilitating measures such as free parking, availability of loans etc. While the policy makers are still confused, the numbers are spiraling out of control. Increasing number of two wheelers are not only choking the streets but also magnifying the externalities. Sometimes riding motorcycles can be as dangerous as playing with guns. The latest <a href="http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009/en/">WHO report</a> which analyzed the causes of accidents and policy measures suggested that: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Our roads are particularly unsafe for pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists who, without the protective shell of a car around them, are more vulnerable. These road users need to be given increased attention. Measures such as building sidewalks, raised crossings and separate lanes for two wheelers; reducing drink-driving and excessive speed; increasing the use of helmets and improving trauma care are some of the interventions that could save hundreds of thousands of lives every year. While progress has been made towards protecting people in cars, the needs of these vulnerable groups of road users are not being met.” <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Many Asian countries have initiated measures such as mandating the use of helmets to reduce the fatalities. Globally only 40% of countries have a motorcycle helmet law that covers both riders and passengers, and mandates that helmets should meet a specific national or international standard. Use of helmets can save life of motorbike users as they can reduce the risk of head injury by 69% and death by 42%. Many Asian countries have initiated the mandatory use of helmets but implementation has been passive. Some of the two wheeler measures initiated by Asian countries:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Traffic calming measures</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Two- three-wheeler ban, 50-50 scheme etc.</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Electronic enforcement</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Road safety education (in primary schools)</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Separation of traffic</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Visibility enhancement </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Limiting the engine capacity</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">9.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Speed restriction</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">10.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Organizing motorcycle clinics</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">The following table indicates the status of helmet laws and its implementation.</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; text-align: justify; width: 413px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 45.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">% of 2-3 wheelers in total road fatality<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Helmet Law<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Wearing rate<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">70%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">27%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Philippines<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">34%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">58%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">70%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">61%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">93%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">27%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">China<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">28%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">16%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">VietNam<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">60%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">85%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Bangladesh<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">8%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Brunei Darassalam<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">11%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">98%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Singapore<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">48%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">56%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Srilanka<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">32%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Nepal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">33%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Combodia<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">63%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">21%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Republic of Korea<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">21%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">85%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">18%<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">So what are the solutions for two wheelers in Asia? Is it symbol of freedom or congestion and other externalities? What do you think? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p></o:p></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-91538612827057859132010-07-16T13:56:00.004+05:302010-07-16T14:12:12.354+05:30How do people travel in Asian Cities?<div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sudhir Gota</span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In order to answer this question, i have categorized cities based on trip mode share. Trip mode share alone does not really give true picture for sustainable transport. But, it’s an important indicator which determines as to how people use different modes. Using the data from various sources and combining public transport and non motorized trip mode share information, I have generated this map. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The classification is</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b>“cycle”</b> – represent cities which has more than 75% of trips being made by bus, metro, cycles and walking </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>question mark – “?” - </b>represent cities which have 50 to 75% of trips being made by bus, metro, cycle and walking. This means that private transport modes are increasing in numbers and rival sustainable transport modes.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>“Car” </b>– represent cities having more than 50% of trips being made by private modes such as two wheelers, cars, taxis etc.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The 2000-2010 data has been used to generate this map.</span></div><br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="700" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111445340100138242393.00048b1699bad58367c9b&ll=18.812718,102.216797&spn=56.113555,79.013672&z=4&output=embed" width="900"></iframe><br />
<small>View <a href="http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111445340100138242393.00048b1699bad58367c9b&ll=18.812718,102.216797&spn=56.113555,79.013672&z=4&source=embed" style="color: blue; text-align: left;">Trip Mode Share (PT + NMT)</a> in a larger map</small>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-52941225889808185092010-07-07T19:10:00.004+05:302010-07-07T19:45:58.701+05:30Bus Rapid Transit System in Asia - 81 in development and still counting<div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sudhir Gota</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">but alas only few are ideal examples and majority being proposed as incomplete systems. The trend is towards incremental systems with the easily available funding being used for expanding the infrastructure. Majority of Asian BRTS are being executed at less than 3 Million USD/km.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="700" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111445340100138242393.0004682ec90b2df097e0e&ll=21.371244,103.447266&spn=55.340043,79.101563&z=4&output=embed" width="900"></iframe></span><br />
<small><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">View </span></span><a href="http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111445340100138242393.0004682ec90b2df097e0e&ll=21.371244,103.447266&spn=55.340043,79.101563&z=4&source=embed" style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">BRTS Map</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> in a larger map</span></span></small><br />
<small><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span> </small><br />
<small><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Modeshift to BRTS has been primarily from Bus and NMT i.e. 70% and only 30% from two wheelers, Cars and intermediate public transport systems. Majority of Cities are yet to utilize TDM strategies along with BRTS plans.</span></span></small><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEh_I3CcgTxCPtQS8rTgHaDtpP3TS_90JCxzsbG7uxJvuD2UR-0UBwlpf4KJw9qJYF5pNQzNwKqxj4l2zI2ykREYK76eAsv7YStxqIWrPUjmEktyqKX1ui8Wn0uNd5b0BEJCwmykCTY-eS/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEh_I3CcgTxCPtQS8rTgHaDtpP3TS_90JCxzsbG7uxJvuD2UR-0UBwlpf4KJw9qJYF5pNQzNwKqxj4l2zI2ykREYK76eAsv7YStxqIWrPUjmEktyqKX1ui8Wn0uNd5b0BEJCwmykCTY-eS/s640/Picture1.jpg" width="348" /></span></a></div><small><br />
</small></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-27236942994935406202010-07-02T07:19:00.002+05:302010-07-02T07:57:20.915+05:30COMMUTER PAIN SURVEY – IS DRIVING PAINFUL?<div style="text-align: right;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A <a href="http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/32017.wss">latest report</a> claims that Beijing has the worst traffic in the world. In this study, nearly 8,192 motorists in 20 cities on six continents were surveyed so as to find out if the traffic has gotten worse in past three years? </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The index suggested is comprised of 10 issues: </div><div style="text-align: justify;">1) commuting time, </div><div style="text-align: justify;">2) time stuck in traffic, </div><div style="text-align: justify;">agreement that: 3) price of gas is already too high, 4) traffic has gotten worse, 5) start-stop traffic is a problem, 6) driving causes stress, 7) driving causes anger, 8) traffic affects work, 9) traffic so bad driving stopped, and 10) decided not to make trip due to traffic. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The cities scored as follows: Beijing: 99, Mexico City: 99, Johannesburg: 97, Moscow: 84, New Delhi: 81, Sao Paolo: 75, Milan: 52, Buenos Aires: 50, Madrid: 48, London: 36, Paris: 36, Toronto: 32, Amsterdam: 25, Los Angeles: 25, Berlin: 24, Montreal: 23, New York: 19, Houston: 17, Melbourne: 17, Stockholm: 15.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLecNm9Lz1a5HWYAuDK406vKe7ga10sjuqMHFJXzTShQksEHl5FNmKohc8dncwn9iYHtSpyrLGyEdEbtGXAV2XuIxUEgL8hLO4QxoV9aNsxvFHgNlTEnR0dhd1F5DVXbcJuwQ5dGuiO0j/s1600/100.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLecNm9Lz1a5HWYAuDK406vKe7ga10sjuqMHFJXzTShQksEHl5FNmKohc8dncwn9iYHtSpyrLGyEdEbtGXAV2XuIxUEgL8hLO4QxoV9aNsxvFHgNlTEnR0dhd1F5DVXbcJuwQ5dGuiO0j/s640/100.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">My reactions on the report</div><div style="text-align: justify;">1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The problem with such indicators is that it looks at only motorized traffic ignoring the daily commute of people by non motorized modes of transportation. Commuting is not only driving and this makes this index a poor quantifier. Look at the below graphic where we have captured trip mode shares of NMT users. Its nearly 1/3 total trips in the city even with poor data capturing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiouF5DwK1gow3X0NOmdQ34bMQLDikoQpfIoTKND_27-s4_Adct9i7OMwR0umbp1qh8RXLruynJxHTzd6aQVNadgBoz1lwMn3yrx4uLA4m5Ll53PnNQQCdod4xb3M1l8lWI2TkezjAg2oH6/s1600/trip+share1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiouF5DwK1gow3X0NOmdQ34bMQLDikoQpfIoTKND_27-s4_Adct9i7OMwR0umbp1qh8RXLruynJxHTzd6aQVNadgBoz1lwMn3yrx4uLA4m5Ll53PnNQQCdod4xb3M1l8lWI2TkezjAg2oH6/s400/trip+share1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>“As for a reduction in travel stress, 36% of the respondents said that improved public transportation would help. Beijing topped the list here (65%), followed by Milan (57%), New Delhi (53%), Sao Paolo (52%), and Paris (51%).”</i> – Reconfirms the fact that Public transportation is the key. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>“ When asked whether traffic had harmed their health in any way, 57% said yes. Among those who said it had, increased stress (30%) and anger (27%) were the primary manifestations. Increased stress was most prominent in Mexico City (56%), Sao Paolo (55%), New Delhi (45%), Buenos Aires (44%), and Beijing (40%), while anger prevailed in Beijing (53%), Moscow (51%), New Delhi (48%), and Mexico City (43%). All of these cities were among those identified in the survey as having especially painful commutes.”</i> - being forced to breathe polluted air is more critical than stress and anger as it has long term impact. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>“If their commuting time could be significantly reduced, 53% said they would spend more time with friends or family, 44% would devote themselves to more recreation, and 42% would spend more time exercising. And 16% said they would work more (multiple answers were allowed).”</i> – This is critical as it may change the way we quantify travel time savings as normally we quantify travel time benefits by assuming that people would work based on times saved. I am more interested in knowing about travel time budgets and what purists would think of that based on current travel time of 2-4 hours/commuter/day?. The report claims that <i>“The average delay was one hour – very similar to the figure for the U.S. alone in the previous two Commuter Pain surveys conducted by IBM.”</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;">5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“<i>When commuters cancelled a recent planned driving trip, the destination was work 24% of the time, recreation 22%, and shopping 21%.”</i> - was this really a loss? One driving trip cancelled would have induced one additional trip in the system and did they use telecommuting? </div><div style="text-align: justify;">6.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>“Gas prices, notably in flux in recent years, appear to have a potential bearing on the willingness of commuters to drive to work. About a quarter of the respondents said that gas prices would have to rise by 20-30% for them to seriously consider other forms of transportation. A large proportion of the respondents (47%) thought that gas prices are already too high. Cities in which this feeling was particularly acute were Amsterdam and Madrid (66%) and Buenos Aires (64%). Cities in which it was relatively absent were New Delhi (24%), Moscow (31%), Los Angeles (36%), and Houston (39%) – perhaps suggesting that at least a modest rise in gas prices would not much affect traffic in those cities.”</i> - Switch to which mode is the main factor? </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Driving being a pain may not be a valuable indictor for bad transportation. Sometimes it can be argued that driving being painful and stressful is a perfect recipe for success. </b></div><div><br />
</div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-65827524189198771252010-06-29T14:57:00.004+05:302010-07-23T08:58:17.911+05:30Promoting Buses for a Day in Bangalore<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
Sudhir Gota</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many would be surprised to know that ‘Bangalore’ was one of the first in India to initiate a BRTS study. In 1999, SIDA funded a feasibility project with a network of 20 corridors for bus routes comprising twin central rings intersected by 8 radial routes. However, authorities did not take any action on that report as the rolling stock / ‘buses’ </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">were not being manufactured in the country and had to be imported from Volvo in Sweden thus increasing the cost of the project. After a decade of inaction, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the next report advocating BRTS in Bangalore was the CTTP (2007) report (Transport Master Plan) which suggested nearly 300 km of BRTS along 14 corridors. The solution was supposed to cost only 2.7 Million USD/Km. A team of Indian consultants prepared the detailed project report and submitted it back to the government in 2009. </span></span><a href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/77912/bus-rapid-transit-proposal-gathers.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Latest reports</span></a><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> suggest that authorities are still struggling to get the funding in place and the project may be delayed yet again. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the midst of all this delay, it is interesting as a </span></span><a href="http://praja.in/en/bangalore/discuss/2008/04/cctf-report-6-key-recommendations"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">government backed report</span></a><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> in 2003 recommended – ‘60% modal targets’. Setting modal targets and devising a strategy is the trend being followed with cities like Singapore – setting 70% public transport mode share by 2020, HCMC – 50% by 2020, Beijing – 45% trips to downtown areas by 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The committee report recommended - <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“It must be emphasised that the BMTC should use an external benchmark to gauge its progress on the providing improved connectivity. We recommend that the BMTC set a target of capturing 60% of all journeys by 2006 up from 50% currently. This would require increasing ridership and capacity by approximately 15% every year (compared to 10% currently)</span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To increase the ridership, within a decade the BMTC (bus operator in Bangalore) innovated from destination based bus system to Grid system by rapidly expanding the fleet. BMTC was also first to initiate information systems such as SMS based alert system on the exact location of the buses. However, the system was disbanded within a short period of time without any reasons being specified.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> BMTC was also the first one to use JNNURM to fund its terminals. BMTC is planning to construct 45 and Transit Management Centers (TTMCs) around Bangalore.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2010, to popularize the concept of bus travel, BMTC with several stakeholders unleashed the concept of “Bus Day”. </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It's a full day event where people are requested to travel on buses. Bus day is conducted on 4th of every month. Travelling in buses is celebrated for a day. Transport Minister and the Mayor make use of buses in their daily commute. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The views of media and people are mixed. Some reports claimed that </span><a href="http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/view/1761-bus-day-a-moderate-success"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">additional 10,000 people</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> used buses with decrease in 10-15% private vehicles on roads but some </span><a href="http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/feb/050210-bus-day-big-flop.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">reports</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> claimed empty buses making the trips. Succeeding months have showed decrease in promotional intensity. T</span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">he data from mobile vans of pollution control board at different locations indicates very slight reduction in air pollution which is suffocating and killing people in Bangalore. Please note the concentration of RSPM – which according to Indian laws is tolerable only uptil 60 </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">µg/m3 crosses 250 at some places. </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #3f3f3f;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #111111; letter-spacing: -1pt;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGg2JKtpP_NSWa8jR263zfad2SMEszXM0jOZ5ObxoNuJDEsFh5CuDmJ2EeEkPe0GjhkV9nK3J-t2DNrsDDaioK1ChwiHFe5Ys5u-dfjaL-GPKTZQBUPmdoOIhd8HtgauX2iMrhlYpeVVs5/s1600/pollution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGg2JKtpP_NSWa8jR263zfad2SMEszXM0jOZ5ObxoNuJDEsFh5CuDmJ2EeEkPe0GjhkV9nK3J-t2DNrsDDaioK1ChwiHFe5Ys5u-dfjaL-GPKTZQBUPmdoOIhd8HtgauX2iMrhlYpeVVs5/s640/pollution.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Are the proposed measures effective?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The statistics show constant reduction in bus trip mode share: 60.19% in 1994 (ILFS); 48.91% in 2002 (RITES); and 35% in 2008 (MOUD). Meanwhile, the 2-wheeler ownership motorization levels (2-wheelers per 1000 people) increased from 124 in 1995 to 247 in 2005. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To combat decrease in share, Bangalore doubled the number of buses in 7 years (2001-2007) but at the same time, owing to the growth in city size, the average trip length increased by 2.5km and per capita energy consumption increased from 3.59 Megajoules/Day (MJ/day) to 9.67 MJ/day. Thus it has been estimated that even if the trip mode share of Bangalore does not change, by 2025 the per capita energy consumption would increase to 15 MJ/day! <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Clearly, increasing the buses and providing intermediate solutions will not provide results. What makes BMTC a very interesting case study is that it has a fleet of nearly 6082 buses, which makes nearly 79150 trips carrying around 4 million passengers daily within a radius of 25 km from the city center, with 1.3 million service kilometers. The high pressure on the existing BMTC network is quite evident from the fact that the loading per trip is nearly 51 passengers. Each bus makes nearly 13 daily trips with an average trip length of 16km indicating high stress on drivers as they drive to congested traffic (210 km/day). The journey speed by buses for the major part of the day is only 15-18 kmph. Only 22% of bus stops are sheltered and often the complaint is that the buses do not stop at shelters thereby making them useful only for advertisement. Institutional issues reflect here as the bus stops are sheltered by a different agency and not the bus operating agency thereby creating conflicts. Over 60% of people actually walk to bus stations to access buses. Sometimes, bus commuters spend over 60% of time outside the bus rather than inside and this is an important factor. Without improving the access one cannot guarantee ridership. Accesses to bus stops are again under different institutions and this again creates a bottleneck.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It’s clear that just increasing the number of buses without improving the overall public transport system and integrating other modes is not enough. Public transport ridership will continue to decline unless city planners adopt innovative approach to retain the bus ridership. Trips would always switch modes depending on quality of service. Celebrating bus travel and providing incentives with faster travel and better access throughout the year is a way to go. One day concepts would not make much of a difference!!</span></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-11079908854011664462010-06-25T16:18:00.009+05:302010-06-25T17:02:39.086+05:30LDV EMISSION STANDARDS IN ASIA – FAQ’s in Asia<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgziR-uDr-4u2FBOQEE0yXlCQ7TGtMZWWzVZKUXUDSStMOtoR2eIblqVbMA2rNSoj9tE4cJgQkmMO5v_HX1YPsrlrTfTwkazFaJFDGQawesC95rbsAQKFOPpG4-_NLW6cuCahX1QP0jDonV/s1600/LDV.png"></a><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 0, 0); font-family:arial;">Sudhir Gota</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ol><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 0, 0); font-family:arial;"><b>Can only rich countries afford to clean fuels?</b></span></li></ol></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">Stringent emission standards do not depend on economic growth. Countries like India are switching over to EURO-4 at a low GDP/Capita of 1000$. This is significant as it debunks any theory that suggests that only rich countries can afford to consume clean fuels. <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi- font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/articles-71194_roadmap.pdf">Investigations</a> </span>suggest that the incremental costs of meeting the recommended level of fuel sulfur in Asia average 0.2–0.8 US cents per liter for gasoline and 0.5–0.8 US cents per liter for diesel. <span style="font-family:"ArialMT","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:ArialMT;font-size:11.0pt;"><a href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/89659/Business/Euro+IV+fuel+to+cost+more:+Pranab.html">Latest reports</a></span> from India suggest an increase of only 1 US cents per liter of gasoline and 0.6 US cents for diesel to shift from Euro-3 to Euro-4 fuels.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglf84eVzoWN7ROp73REximS9ORIqlhZphbILbmEK8aPk5TJiFJco6CcgfW2kaxWruLzqIP-JB1JqVKFLZv3PDPf2v90FMexb9kULgaZRkuurCZKeWQqPEMYd7bF-Ft1otJxuakuCehJ65U/s1600/Picture1.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglf84eVzoWN7ROp73REximS9ORIqlhZphbILbmEK8aPk5TJiFJco6CcgfW2kaxWruLzqIP-JB1JqVKFLZv3PDPf2v90FMexb9kULgaZRkuurCZKeWQqPEMYd7bF-Ft1otJxuakuCehJ65U/s400/Picture1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5486662360495512194" style="text-align: justify; display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 275px; " /></a><div style="text-align: justify; "><br /></div></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Notes – NP- Nepal, PRC-China, EU- European Union (average values), HK- Hong Kong, VN – VietNam, PH- Philippines, PK-Pakistan, IN – India, ID – Indonesia, SK – South Korea, TH- Thailand, MY- Malaysia, BD – Bangaldesh, SG – Singapore. 1,2,3,4 – indicates Euro standards 1,2,3,4 etc.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">2.</span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>Can we leapfrog intermediate emission standards like EURO-III?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">Many Asian countries have learnt the lesson of making faster evolution. Countries like India and China have made quick strides in getting more efficient vehicles on the roads and making the fuel cleaner. Within a decade they have progressed from standards 1 to 2 then3 and finally 4. Other Asian countries which have been slow can chart a different course and in fact can leapfrog as Philippines and VietNam intend to do. The solution lies in getting all the stakeholders to agree on a roadmap. The faster one sets the target and provides legal backing, better the chances of implementation as vehicles last for 15 years on an average.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">3.</span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>Why it is important to clean up the fleet early?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">Asian countries have a greater chance of cleaning the fleet as the motorization index is still low. The following table indicates that the Asian countries have initiated steps at an early stage thus ensuring introduction of better vehicles. Indonesia, Srilanka and Pakistan needs to make concrete plans for EURO-4 before the fleet starts accumulating on roads. Slow implementation would increase the fleet before effective measures are put in place for example – Thailand and Malaysia.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRr-cWdKgmt6H4EvnD1qVOkpHjtbgk7e4wwpnH4Rrt7GKubZZzz-Ial_H6Fr1ALgAEuWWpHaIZTTIE7yPgwEJ7QWiMcnecwwFUQgu2q8MfTjjNAy4dD17_VVBc7VSKVKN898X4Jxh28xeM/s400/MI.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5486668717806884674" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 276px; " /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">4.</span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>Can improving only LDV’s guarantee success?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">Improving LDV’s is not the silver bullet. It’s only a part of solution. Majority of the Asian fleet is dominated by Non-LDV vehicles and the trend would remain the same even with high LDV growth rates. Vehicles like two wheelers and trucks need similar attention. Approximately only 30% of the fleet is composed of LDV’s. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgziR-uDr-4u2FBOQEE0yXlCQ7TGtMZWWzVZKUXUDSStMOtoR2eIblqVbMA2rNSoj9tE4cJgQkmMO5v_HX1YPsrlrTfTwkazFaJFDGQawesC95rbsAQKFOPpG4-_NLW6cuCahX1QP0jDonV/s1600/LDV.png"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgziR-uDr-4u2FBOQEE0yXlCQ7TGtMZWWzVZKUXUDSStMOtoR2eIblqVbMA2rNSoj9tE4cJgQkmMO5v_HX1YPsrlrTfTwkazFaJFDGQawesC95rbsAQKFOPpG4-_NLW6cuCahX1QP0jDonV/s400/LDV.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5486669185942301890" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 293px; " /></a></span><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">% of LDV’s in the total fleet</span><o:p></o:p></p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;color:#330000;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">In spite of rapid evolution in standards in some of the countries, majority of Asian cities have not yet ensured clean air. One of the main reasons for this is the inefficient management of in-use vehicles. Inspection and Maintenance is as important as cleaning future vehicles. This aspect has been neglected by the authorities thus allowing proliferation of old polluting vehicles.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>5.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>Why Demand management measures are equally important?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">The tail pipe policies need to be complemented by Non-tail pipe measures such as demand management measures. Singapore is an ideal example which does not have very stringent emission standards for new vehicles, but has effective vehicle ownership, usage control and good inspection and maintenance for pollution control of in use vehicles. This ensures better air quality.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>6.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>How are countries accessing roadblocks in implementation?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">Countries are trying to clean diesel faster than gasoline (example – Singapore), big cities faster than small cities (example – India and China). This is a very interesting development as it offers incentives and allows stakeholders to assess roadblocks in progression. The industry also has time to adjust to the changing fleet specifications. Contrary to the trend, Bangladesh and Pakistan are trying to clean gasoline faster than diesel.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>7.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>Why target Fuel subsidies? </b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">Translating quicker progression lies in removing fuel subsidies. Countries like Malaysia and Indonesia shell out 2.6-2.7% of GDP to provide artificial low cost fuels. This acts as a disincentive for refineries to pledge more support for cleaner fuels. It is to be noted that subsidized fuels cannot be considered as the service policy of the country but a product which is optimally priced.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>8.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><b>Why Link Fuel Economy with Vehicle Emission Standards?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">Fuel Economy- Vehicle Emission Standards – linking these two measures requires a new approach and it has the potential to provide huge benefits to the society. Currently countries are charting out different strategies rather than thinking of a modality to benefit from both by uniform application. Most often the institutions working out both the policies are nearly the same and thus two issues can be combined to maximize benefits by early implementation. For example, concept of Eco Cars in Thailand -– An Eco car meets minimum pollution standards of EURO4 or higher, emitting no more than 120 g CO2/km. To promote the sales of fuel efficient cars, the Ministry of Finance put in place a tax incen¬tive scheme which reduces the excise tax rate on standard passenger cars that meet fuel-efficiency criteria, and qualify as so-called “eco cars.” . Similar integrated system exists in Japan. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#330000;">The other reason for linking these two standards is the impact of vehicle emission standards in reducing “Black Carbon”. Experts believe that reducing black carbon (BC) offers biggest impact on immediate climate mitigation. Black carbon is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass and switching to stringent emission standards can reduce the BC emissions.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-75907179204521700912010-06-23T18:11:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:30.921+05:30Some Solutions to Reduce Emissions from Transport Lie outside Our Cities – Case Study of India<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXYJ-2LV3BvMp5DLI3TSmfsu3DdA1gVk9_BnfhB0U5zHVTor3rSHbwQ_dAWBoTUZp2P6JiAhecCCTWAtQwu7-e5CKt5B92uYXDucSDx1SrSiARsO4BNNZqthjNDADTmfqVmgqZr-duI8/s1600/emissions3.png"></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight: boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight: boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight: boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">Developing countries are at a crossroads as current decisions and investments in the transport sector are set to lock-in GHG (</span><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">CO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">) and air pollutant emissions for the next decades. There is reason for concern as sustainable transport policies that incorporate air quality and climate change are being developed and implemented at a slow pace, risking irreversible damage to the environment and people’s welfare. This is further aggravated by the global economic recession, which has lead to economic stimulus packages in developed countries for roads, the automotive industry, and related transport infrastructure. If developing countries follow this lead by prioritizing vehicles instead of people, it is certain that </span>CO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"> emissions, air pollution, congestion, and other transport related problems will worsen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">It has been <a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-73353.html">analyzed</a> that, based on a business-as-usual scenario for motorization in India, the main trends from 2005 to 2025 are:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:38.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">The number of total vehicles would grow at 8.70% per year, an increase from 49 million to 246 million between 2005 and 2025. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:38.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from road transport would increase at 7.75% per year, which is higher than many other Asian countries, from 203 million tons in 2005 to 905 million tons by 2025. Passenger transport represents 45% and freight transport represents 55% of total </span><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">CO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"> emissions from road transport in 2005; this ratio would remain approximately the same in 2025.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:38.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Symbol;font-size:10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">PM emissions from road transport would decline until 2025 by 1.88% per year due to the adoption of stricter fuel and vehicle emission standards, while NO<sub>x</sub> emissions would increase at a rate of 2.37% per year. However, PM emissions would subsequently rise again due to the continued rapid vehicle growth, especially if emissions standards are not further tightened (Euro IV and above). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:38.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;font-size:10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">Only about 22% of total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from land passenger transport in India are attributed to intracity movement in these 29 cities<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">. It is probable that the remaining 78% of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions come from other 498 cities (India has a total of 527 cities with over 100,000 people but limited data are available) and movement of passengers and freight from one city to another (intercity transport)</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">If the current city trip mode share is retained, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions would increase 2- or 3-fold between 2008 and 2025, due to a rapid growth in urban population and in the number of trips.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">If the cities are able to increase the current non-motorized transport (NMT) and public transport trip shares by 5% each with a reduction in motorized transport share, the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2008 would reduce by 9.16% and 6.21%. <o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 55px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXYJ-2LV3BvMp5DLI3TSmfsu3DdA1gVk9_BnfhB0U5zHVTor3rSHbwQ_dAWBoTUZp2P6JiAhecCCTWAtQwu7-e5CKt5B92uYXDucSDx1SrSiARsO4BNNZqthjNDADTmfqVmgqZr-duI8/s1600/emissions3.png"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXYJ-2LV3BvMp5DLI3TSmfsu3DdA1gVk9_BnfhB0U5zHVTor3rSHbwQ_dAWBoTUZp2P6JiAhecCCTWAtQwu7-e5CKt5B92uYXDucSDx1SrSiARsO4BNNZqthjNDADTmfqVmgqZr-duI8/s400/emissions3.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5485951706829879842" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 326px; " /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgY5s5lBtoCddEykelyMNllP0m8TbZyRfcRqRjpqwq2ZSGAEXr0GRzU6_lXFXdd5Rd4ZX1OOJQ5NUFztizT9cy6u2V1MUKmW7gVWnfCY6qVnDhc-WrrU27xvT6kvY_oet0VORr5Sew6gQ/s1600/emissions2.png"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgY5s5lBtoCddEykelyMNllP0m8TbZyRfcRqRjpqwq2ZSGAEXr0GRzU6_lXFXdd5Rd4ZX1OOJQ5NUFztizT9cy6u2V1MUKmW7gVWnfCY6qVnDhc-WrrU27xvT6kvY_oet0VORr5Sew6gQ/s400/emissions2.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5485951694175322818" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 254px; " /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYn5vKrTKVbfVsZR3LNqmffLiNvCrOKz44X3WVcw3iYeAnUwmVd8HAzqfAFr4LTCwF9NdIy2KPDUvawwtucJmU4-TbHz78zahmAoJ4CZAiu4saAUJ6JBVfn-Y9XFo1ucZxOwLjc9JdqeY/s1600/emissions.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYn5vKrTKVbfVsZR3LNqmffLiNvCrOKz44X3WVcw3iYeAnUwmVd8HAzqfAFr4LTCwF9NdIy2KPDUvawwtucJmU4-TbHz78zahmAoJ4CZAiu4saAUJ6JBVfn-Y9XFo1ucZxOwLjc9JdqeY/s400/emissions.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5485951689182747234" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 260px; " /></a></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 55px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">A simple sketch analysis of intercity transport contribution to India’s total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from road transport indicates that a 442 km stretch of 4-lane national highway may approximately correspond to the total passenger transport emissions from intracity movement in Bangalore. Similarly, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from intracity passenger transport in Delhi are comparable to a 772 km stretch of highway.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The high emission from traffic in National Highways needs to be tackled by the government to reduce the environmental impact. The reason for relatively high emissions from national highways is that freight transport dominates the highways (52% of the vehicle mode share) whereas 2- and 3-wheelers are more present on typical urban roads (about 40% of vehicle mode share). Because 2- and 3-wheelers are more fuel efficient and emit less CO2 than larger vehicles, emissions from urban road transport are relatively lower compared to highways. A second reason could be high empty truck movements due to inefficiencies in freight logistics. Nearly 88% of the truck fleet is under unorganized operators. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight: boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">Key recommendations for government and stakeholders are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4"><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">Policies and projects should have a stronger focus on making cities livable and accessible for <b><u>people,</u></b> rather than on just improving the flow of <b><u>vehicles</u></b> in cities, by integrating transport demand management (i.e. reducing the number of trips made and distances traveled), public transport, and non-motorized transport into urban development and transport policies. <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4"><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">Policies and projects should aim to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> and air pollutant emissions from the outset, thus creating a low carbon and emission transport system, rather than adding emission mitigating measures to transport policies and projects after they have been designed. Land use and urban planning is critical in influencing transport demand and behavior thereby reducing the emissions thus improving the health.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4"><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">Indian cities are not maximizing the density influence to reduce the emissions. Many cities which are dense are showing high emissions because of insufficient public transport and high influx of private vehicles. Many Transit oriented development initiatives are being taken by city governments, but much remains to be done on land use-transport-environment integration.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4"><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">The National Highways carry a huge amount of traffic. Considering high emissions from road based mode of transportation, the government needs to revise feasibility and environmental impact assessment (EIA) guidelines to include emission quantification and mitigation measures in the selection of projects.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4"><span style="line-height:115%; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-font-weight:boldfont-family:Arial;font-size:10.0pt;">Urgent attention is needed for freight transport, which currently contributes to 55% of road transport CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Most freight vehicles use diesel fuel which contributes to relatively high PM emissions and black carbon (“soot”), which in addition to being an air pollutant is considered a major contributor to global warming. Both urban transport and freight transport should receive equal attention.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-24057963600844036672010-05-13T21:03:00.001+05:302011-09-24T16:14:18.170+05:30India Transport Emissions – 2007 – Quantifying emissions without reliable data<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">Sudhir Gota</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">You simply cannot generate reliable emission estimates without accurate data. In fact, I would not hesitate to claim that “</span></span><b><i><a href="http://www.adb.org/Documents/Events/2009/Scientific-Technical-Advisory-Panel/Gota-Fabian.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Without reliable data, transport emissions forecasting is as good as “fortune telling</span></span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">””. </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">You need to consider the numbers with a pinch of salt or many a times consider the estimates as only numbers!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The reason why I am coming up with such an argument is because yesterday India released its <a href="http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Report_INCCA.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">2007 Green House Gas inventory</span></a>. I think it has some big problems with the transport estimates. It claims that the “</span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">road transport sector emitted 123.55 million tons of CO2e, which is 87% of the total emissions from the transport sector</span></span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">”</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. The transport sector emissions include all GHG emissions from road transport, railways, aviation and navigation. It suggests that “</span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the total number of registered vehicles in the country has increased from 5.4 million in 1981 to 99.6 million in 2007. Two wheelers and cars constitute nearly 88% of the total vehicles at the national level</span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">”.</span></span></span></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The problem with the total numbers of vehicles in India is that registered vehicles cannot be used for estimates as we don’t have active scrappage/renewal system. </span></span><a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Kolkata-/Govt-transporters-bicker-over-old-bus-number/articleshow/4827715.cms"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Not many people have an idea as to how to guess the number of vehicles on road</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. Even the activity information (vehicle travel/year in km) is not available on public domain and often people borrow the numbers from some isolated studies and from other countries or other researchers. </span></span></span></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In order to highlight the data issues, following are some of the critical issues</span></span></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></span></o:p></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Vehicles<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>No breakdown by mode type and engine technology (e.g. Euro 1 or Euro 2 compliant, etc.)</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>limited data on active vehicle fleet</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>No data on splitting small cars with big cars, MUV’s, LCV’s</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Isolated surveys to determine age of the vehicles<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Fuels<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>No fuel split available - gasoline, diesel, alternative fuel<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span> Activity</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>No data on urban vs rural share of movement</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span> Occupancy – how many people/load</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Annual surveys and proper methodologies on vehicle-km travelled, passenger-km travelled, and tonnes-km rarely exist</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Reasonable data on fuel consumption per km travelled on various transport modes. This issue is critical as quoted values from lab testing differs from actual on road values<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Emission factors</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span> lack of locally representative emission factors for existing vehicle fleet</span></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Coming back on the India’s 2007 estimate of 123 million tons in 2007 for an activity information of 99 million vehicles is too low as seen from the below graphic. In fact the estimates of CO</span></span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> /vehicles is lesser (1.2) than what researchers have quantified for passenger transport (ratio of 1.5 for passenger vehicles. Including commercial vehicles in estimation would expand this figure to a range of 2 to 4). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Strangely, the same authors, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17977579">in an earlier study had quantified 106 million tons in 2000</a> with 48 million vehicles. Then why is that the doubling of vehicle numbers not showing impact?</span></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">One thing that hits hard in the below graphic is the huge variation of CO</span></span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and vehicles. It seems that researchers do not agree with each other … a classic case of </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">elephant and the blind men</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> !!</span></span></span></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5470779016566795522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhMR-dAJYEF7KtInvzxGGvdN36-7GpoNrmvJE_QDFZ7h7OLu8wNYaH9XFNUrrw4nk7Z2ujQ_YCNc43c97E6n88gSGmUkWO2PKN_daYRlrrdoMJnStJWS4kKL-5-BlIN2LtM9w8P49KQLk/s400/est2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 229px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 400px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></o:p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHOxwicMjpFRRVwmyBtP2v-IsfQLmLJCB8QOnu7cYB_xVQKistWeRjaWTL1_NLI-tGK9obG63VkbEuLz_pi_QACccBVaeNTFqCw_OmK_BGn275YxlbZF6AqCYB-aTMtfdXm7rra0jmJ2ac/s1600/forecast.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHOxwicMjpFRRVwmyBtP2v-IsfQLmLJCB8QOnu7cYB_xVQKistWeRjaWTL1_NLI-tGK9obG63VkbEuLz_pi_QACccBVaeNTFqCw_OmK_BGn275YxlbZF6AqCYB-aTMtfdXm7rra0jmJ2ac/s640/forecast.png" width="640" /></a></div><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #0000ee; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p></o:p></div></div></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-13178126759908501382010-05-02T18:49:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:30.986+05:30CO2 EMISSIONS FROM RAILWAYS – USE OF EMISSION FACTORS<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9GL_TtWytccRkzfw0p4jUYkqcLxsGClL7wIRReG5vhVKzwDbIa2dBXDJUDDFeT2JZgYBYnNgvSHnzDvtgFRVDaS5PeoP5jkrXFiIqSVywy1QzaqyOWlxQ54QpO74DmiIoR9uPe6zMYp4/s1600/chart2.jpg"></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIfhhU9N57_Q6R-czHTwQCC32c5sfgH7uOXQ067CSTju2DEDt87ESEhSrMIbXMBFIkFlhNnAeuFea3nKImuURH3E4E35V_4mSvQyINU3_l8FCfQS6hqEyQqgvj-wLOHnRrwd8vtQWP_qA/s1600/chart1.jpg"></a></span></span></span><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Sudhir Gota</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Quantifying emissions from Railways (including LRT/MRT) is really tricky. Some of the variables which often trouble analysts are – </span></span><a href="http://cai-asia.blogspot.com/2010/02/hidden-emissions-from-transport.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">use of construction</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, technology and occupancy factors which can make or break an analysis. Last year, </span></span><a href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6z37f2jr"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Mikhail Chester</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> brought forward a very interesting analysis on complete carbon footprint of transport modes and this study was critically accepted. The study provided a comprehensive environmental life-cycle assessment of not only vehicle and fuel components but also infrastructure components for automobiles, buses, commuter rail systems and aircraft. Many processes were included for vehicles (manufacturing, active operation, inactive operation, maintenance, insurance), infrastructure (construction, operation, maintenance, parking, insurance), and fuels (production, distribution). </span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The vehicles inventoried in the study were sedans, pickups, SUVs, urban diesel buses, light rail, heavy rail and aircraft.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIfhhU9N57_Q6R-czHTwQCC32c5sfgH7uOXQ067CSTju2DEDt87ESEhSrMIbXMBFIkFlhNnAeuFea3nKImuURH3E4E35V_4mSvQyINU3_l8FCfQS6hqEyQqgvj-wLOHnRrwd8vtQWP_qA/s400/chart1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466662761413611826" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 289px; " /></span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9GL_TtWytccRkzfw0p4jUYkqcLxsGClL7wIRReG5vhVKzwDbIa2dBXDJUDDFeT2JZgYBYnNgvSHnzDvtgFRVDaS5PeoP5jkrXFiIqSVywy1QzaqyOWlxQ54QpO74DmiIoR9uPe6zMYp4/s1600/chart2.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9GL_TtWytccRkzfw0p4jUYkqcLxsGClL7wIRReG5vhVKzwDbIa2dBXDJUDDFeT2JZgYBYnNgvSHnzDvtgFRVDaS5PeoP5jkrXFiIqSVywy1QzaqyOWlxQ54QpO74DmiIoR9uPe6zMYp4/s400/chart2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466663356660485906" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 291px; " /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The important argument made by Chester was that one needs to closely look at the occupancy of Rails and its built infrastructure which often tip the scales. But, more often researchers think that one can always borrow the emission factors from different sources and this would provide some estimates of reasonable accuracy. This is a myth.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In order to demolish the argument of usage of common emission factor, we summarize many of the emission factors </span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/RAILWAY%20EMISSION%20FACTORS.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">available online. The data collation was further helped by inputs from ADB-TA - </span></span><a href="http://www.adb.org/ied/workprogram2.asp"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport Projects</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is to be noted that emission factors have been quantified using different methodologies with different boundaries. What sets them apart is the huge variation. The variation is between 16 to 1200 g/pkm. The Asian MRT’s which have very high occupancy ratios have values between 20 to 110 g/pkm. </span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Segregating heavy rails, MRT and LRT may help in refining this further. However, it is to be noted that emission factors cannot be constant but dynamic with time in order to reflect changes in design, occupancy and other factors. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Thus, one cannot borrow the emission factor straight away. What one should do is to measure the fuel/electricity consumption to derive emissions. </span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">There is no easy way out. </span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a href="file:///C:/Users/sudhir/Desktop/RAILWAY%20EMISSION%20FACTORS.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Please send us a request in case you would like to access the sources.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div></div></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-51174458798323263702010-04-22T08:58:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:30.999+05:30Cartoons as a Mass Communication Strategy for Sustainable Transport<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family:'Helvetica neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><p style="text-align: right;margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sudhir Gota</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The first thing most of us often notice in the newspaper is the editorial cartoon – an art of the moment drawn to illustrate message in a comic way. The illustrations often reside in our memory for a long time and thus newspapers use cartoons as a means to provide the knockout punch – to create an immediate impact among the audience.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This benefit of quick impact provides huge potential for educating masses on sustainable transport issues. To initiate the paradigm shift, a huge effort needs to be made in changing the mindset of transport consumers and policy makers. Cartoons in newspapers can provide the not only an easiest way of reaching vast segment of audience– educated to non-educated, children to elders, urban and rural people etc., but also creating lasting impact in few seconds.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">When editorial cartoons are supported by think pieces written by editors, policy makers and experts, it creates the momentum at the grass route level thereby increasing the support for the paradigm shift in transport. One needs all the support when trying to create solutions by attacking the demand and breaking the trend of using infrastructure as a magic bullet.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Take the case of Ahmedabad BRTS, where media played a constructive role in highlighting various issues related to BRTS, educating the people and providing constructive criticisms which enabled it to become a best practice BRT in Asia. Without media support, things become very difficult for policy makers and political support for radical actions often evaporates.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In order to capture as to how newspaper cartoons can create lasting impact, transport cartoons from times of India newspaper (TOI) from India where collated from the period January-2008 till now. This newspaper is extremely popular in India and supposed to have the largest circulation among all English-language newspapers in the world. According to some estimates it has a print readership of 13.3 million and its online version reaching a record 159 million page views in May 2009. Scanning through 840 newspaper editions though is a time consuming process, extracted collection is very impressive with many transport related stories being told with simple images.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Studying the cartoons from last early 2008, fuel prices and congestion has been the favorite topic of the artists. In 2008, newspapers used cartoons many a times to create awareness on fuel consumption and rising fuel prices. Climate change and COP discussion was another favorite topic during 2009. Many cartoons were localized to suit domestic audience to create greater impact and many also relied on quotes to add the punch. The stories were conveyed from the perspective of common man.<br />Though, few cartoons took potshots against Delhi BRT, many were highlighting the poor pedestrian infrastructure. Surprisingly, considering very high accident fatalities, not many cartoons highlighted the road safety aspects.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Please find some of the collection below. Please source all the cartoons to Times of India and do send them positive feedback and request for more transport related cartoons @</span></span><a href="http://epaper.timesofindia.com/index.asp" title="http://epaper.timesofindia.com/index.asp" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 238); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">http://epaper.timesofindia.com/index.asp</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. Many a times such efforts can create lasting impression and thus resulting in better outreach.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">See the cartoons @ http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/system/files/Times_of_India.pptx</span></span></p></span>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-53341987367414829802010-03-26T17:17:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:31.012+05:30FREIGHT TRANSPORT – THE MISSING LINK<div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><b>Sudhir Gota</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: right;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></b></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4HwTMBPN8dixcbFn6Csg5rj2IzmLPhVRpsjm0x6WKfxKpgUQ-WvGzj5vQKbsgx9xs7LASI3j8cYmv6eTah9CPz9Vq7EPaxa2-z3dCdhbnvIiM40vNShsgZsgQrsDq3bgUFixzRD4-LSo/s1600/Trucks.jpg"><img style="text-align: justify;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4HwTMBPN8dixcbFn6Csg5rj2IzmLPhVRpsjm0x6WKfxKpgUQ-WvGzj5vQKbsgx9xs7LASI3j8cYmv6eTah9CPz9Vq7EPaxa2-z3dCdhbnvIiM40vNShsgZsgQrsDq3bgUFixzRD4-LSo/s400/Trucks.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5452909126705435186" /></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;margin-left: 0.25in; "><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Will more trucks on more roads yield higher GDP?</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Under the changing climate many cities are initiating several city based passenger transport strategies to combat growing externalities from transport. When we hear interviews, read papers – we often see policy makers charting down the magic bullets to solve the negative spillovers from transport and most often they overlook one vital clog in the wheel – freight transport.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">In Asian countries, trucks are the most visible freight carriers with mini vans playing significant roles within cities. The truck-freight growth often shadows GDP growth rates thus making policy makers assume that more trucks on road would invariably mean spiraling increase in GDP. More often this is misapprehension.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Though trucks offer highest flexibility, increase in trucks means high rebound congestion with each additional truck slowing down others and thus ensuring that that we are moving our freight while accelerating the consumption of valuable resources. In order to keep the movement easy on the pocket we often subsidize diesel with devastating consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The other misapprehension floating in the market which many agencies quote is<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><i><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“</span></span></i><span style=" ;color:black;"><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20747270~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html"><i><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Equipment utilization rates for the trucking fleet, which average 60,000 km to 100.000 km per truck-year, are less than a quarter o f those in developed economies</span></span></i></a><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">”</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">This is used as a basis for expanding roads without realizing the fact that average trucks in developed countries cover the same distances.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">In order to understand the importance of trucks on environment and transport, let’s consider the case of China;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><i><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“Diesel vehicles (majority freight) constitute only 12% of total fleet in 2005. Since they are commercially operated, they travel length and breadth of the country accumulating mileages. This increases the share of diesel in total vehicle kilometer travel to nearly 29%. Since the trucks operate at low economy and efficiency, the share of diesel vehicle in total CO2 jumps to 72% and in PM emissions to 91%!!”</span></span></i><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Or Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><i><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“The share of total energy consumption is 51% for the freight transport mode, 32% for the nonurban passenger transport mode and 17% for the urban transport mode”</span></span></i><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Or India<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><i><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“Unfortunately the rail road mode share competition does not replicate zeno’s paradox. In 1950’s the rail-road ton-km share was 90%-10%. In 2000 it is 27%-73%. Volume in both the sectors show positive growth but rail represents slow growth, road represents high. With government doubling the investments on super highways roads would continue to attract more freight in future.</span></span></i><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">It’s clear that the freight contribution in transport is huge and thus provides the most opportunities. There are many reasons for the inefficiency in the Asian logistics sector, prime being fragmented market.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Majority of trucking industry is divided with multiple operators. Consider China, where majority of</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">trucking companies have on average around one truck and fewer than two employees. A decade earlier, </span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><a href="http://www.cci.gov.in/images/workshop/14_15march07/14s_sriram.pdf?phpMyAdmin=NMPFRahGKYeum5F74Ppstn7Rf00"><span style="mso-bidi-;font-family:Arial;color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">India had 77% of fleet under operators owning 5 trucks or less</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and </span><a href="http://www.transparencyindia.org/publication/Corruption%20in%20Truck%20Industry%20Report.pdf"><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">now 86% of total fleet</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> is still under unorganized operators.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">With no coordination this leads to high </span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">deadheading. </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">In fact in many Asian countries deadheading amounts to nearly 30-40% of total truck VKT</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. There are ripple effects of such deadheading. In order to maximize the loaded movements, the operators have to resort to overloading which not only aggravates the injury to the road pavement but also consumes high energy. More often due to overloading, </span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><a href="http://www.transparencyindia.org/publication/Corruption%20in%20Truck%20Industry%20Report.pdf"><span style="mso-bidi-;font-family:Arial;color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">in order to silence the authorities, the truck drivers pay a huge bribe</span></span></a></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">.</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Having small operators’ to dominate the field mean that the vehicles being used to transport freight are not only old but also are size in-efficient. In fact the ratios in China and India are approximately 1:1 of truck trailers to truck tractors. This ratio is often 2-3 : 1 in developed countries. The impact of such inefficient vehicle fleet does not only pinch the pockets of operator but also the tax payers as higher axle loading of 2-3 axle trucks damages the road thus requiring frequent strengthening.</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The pavement damages by overloaded trucks not only pinches the taxpayers’ pockets but also chokes the lungs and damages the environment as more often it disturbs the balance in speeds – first effect being reduction in average speeds to less than 20 kmph to tackle poor roads, the authorities starts slowly rebuilding the roads thus draining the resources and environment further and as soon as the roads are finished it increases the speeds beyond normal or beyond the limit where one can save energy thus increasing the fuel consumption.</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">It’s no surprise that authorities are changing the codes fast. Over the past decades many countries have increased the legal axle limits to accommodate such higher axle loads. India’s legal single axle load limit is now 10.2 tons, which used to be 8.16 tons decade earlier.</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Thailand’s maximum axle load limit is 8.2 tonnes while the truck-load limit is 25 tonnes, which was increased from 21 tonnes in 2006.</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The impact of thicker pavement and overloading on environment is so complex that it is a detailed study topic in</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><a href="http://www.fut.se/download/18.1166db0f120540fe049800011006/Sathaye+-+Unintended+environmental+impacts+II.pdf"><span style="mso-bidi-;font-family:Arial;color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport</span></span></a></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> where many people are researching on it.</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">In the urban environment, the impact needs to be understood from the perspectives of traffic management and air pollution. Cities build bypasses after bypasses to push the trucks out of city limits which boomerangs with disastrous consequences because of sprawl and city freight distribution. In a city like </span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><a href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/2008_Oliver_In-use_Vehicle_Emissions_Tianjin.pdf"><span style="mso-bidi-;font-family:Arial;color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Tianjin (China)</span></span></a></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, trucks contribute 44% of PM and 54% of NOx emissions.</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Consider the case of Delhi, experts here used the traffic management option commonly adopted in Asia i.e. to ban truck movement in daytime. Though this i</span></span><span style=" ;color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">nitially reduced the </span><a href="http://urbanemissions.blogspot.com/2009/06/photochemistry-of-air-pollution-in.html"><span style="color:blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PM levels during the daytime</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, however, due to the rapid growth in truck numbers during the night time, the contribution of trucks to day-time PM levels is increasing as night time emissions linger into the daytime.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> The problem is further compounded when there are multiple agencies having stakes in freight movement. One of the studies from Philippines listed down 41 agencies/organizations/institutions which needs to be brought together to discuss solutions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Clearly, the magnitude of issues dictate urgent actions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height: normal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Wait for the next blog for solutions...</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="yshortcuts"><span style="font-family:";color:black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-40110656139791387882010-03-17T17:43:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:31.027+05:30Transport Infrastructure Efficiency<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbaWWFboFgmi9fFuVY6tdpkLJ1sMH8SNSRrZgGu5LtVrki9_w7RMi7rOoB4zmZJFjalqoSMLGvT1wFXlDiFzREEy2KNg_2EiIgENt48Mrph8uKvIgcvnys87JtXabSGTkvhvhUvINZhU/s1600-h/capacity.jpg"></a><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Which kind of transport investments are the most efficient?</i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: right;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Sudhir Gota</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">This question bothers many policy makers. Answering this question is rather difficult as different projects require different scale of investments which carry variable load and satisfies diverse set of consumers. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Also it would be wrong to assume that we can always build different alternatives physically having same bunch of people using it. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Knowing the above limitations, we can still assess efficiency of infrastructure requiring different set of investments – from High Cost such as Metro, to median ranged projects such as BRTS, Roads to low cost projects such as bikelanes and footpaths.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Let’s consider the following projects – <span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";font-family:";color:black;">Metro, BRTS, Expressway of 4 lane, two lane urban in high income zone, two lane urban in Low income zone, Bikeways and Footpaths and thus using the law of averages to evaluate the construction cost efficiency. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">In order to compare efficiency – one needs average capacity and average cost. Let’s make an assumption as detailed in below table. </p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="569" style="width:427.0pt;margin-left:5.15pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">Capacity (average person/hour)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">Cost (million USD)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1 km of Footpath of 2m wide<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">2400<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">0.1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1 km of Bikeways of 3m wide<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">3000<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">0.15<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1km of two lane urban (Low income)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">4500<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1km of two lane urban (high income)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">2600<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1 km of Expressway of 4 lane<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">8500<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">3.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1 km of BRTS<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">16000<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:15.0pt"> <td width="239" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:179.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">1 km of Metro<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="207" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:155.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">60000<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="124" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:93.0pt;border-top:none; border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman"; font-family:";color:black;">35<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>The Metro represented here is a replica of Bangalore Metro being constructed now. Its estimated to cost 35 million USD/Km. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>BRTS – The BRTS taken above satisfies 8000 pphpd and costs 2 million USD/Km. this represents an average BRTS which is being constructed in many Asian cities.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Roads are tricky as they can carry a highly variable set of volume. So let’s assume LOS “B” and and 7% as peak hour volume. Lets also assume that a freight vehicle is equivalent to a vehicle carrying 15 passengers. ( this thumb rule matches with Value of time concept)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level2 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi- mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>consider 35000 PCU/Day for Expressway – 4 lane</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level2 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi- mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>consider 15000 PCU/day for 2 lane urban road</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level2 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi- mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Occupancy of 1,2,1.5 and 25 for two, three wheeler, car and Bus</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level2 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi- mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Assume 50% mode share of freight in expressway and 9% in urban roads ( data Indian Roads)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level2 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi- mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Assume 55% two wheelers in low income and 55% Cars in high income areas</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l1 level2 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi- mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">f.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>The other mode share epitomizes typical Asian roads ( 6% of vehicles as Bus)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Use Passenger Car Units to convert PCU’s into vehicles and then using occupancies break down the vehicles into passengers</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Consider Bikelanes to carry 3000 cyclists/hour suggesting a dense network as seen in Delhi BRTS costing 0.15 million USD/km</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">6.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Consider footpaths to carry 2400 persons/hour at a speed of 1.2 m/sec indicating LOS B. It may cost approx ) 1million USD/km.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Using the same money as required for constructing 1 km metro, one can on an average construct</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">18 km of BRTS</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">10 km of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>four lane Expressway</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">35 km of two lane urban road</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">235 km of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Bikeways</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">350 km of footpaths</span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Thus normalizing different projects into same investment of say 1 km of metro and t</span>hus using the capacities and length, we can calculate efficiencies.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">The below graph gives the efficiencies</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbaWWFboFgmi9fFuVY6tdpkLJ1sMH8SNSRrZgGu5LtVrki9_w7RMi7rOoB4zmZJFjalqoSMLGvT1wFXlDiFzREEy2KNg_2EiIgENt48Mrph8uKvIgcvnys87JtXabSGTkvhvhUvINZhU/s1600-h/capacity.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbaWWFboFgmi9fFuVY6tdpkLJ1sMH8SNSRrZgGu5LtVrki9_w7RMi7rOoB4zmZJFjalqoSMLGvT1wFXlDiFzREEy2KNg_2EiIgENt48Mrph8uKvIgcvnys87JtXabSGTkvhvhUvINZhU/s400/capacity.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5449575959555719378" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 250px; " /></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;">The low cost projects such as bikeways and footpaths in fact provide best efficiency!!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">They are 12 to 14 times more efficient than a system like metro. The above calculations can be made more useful by including operation costs and emissions. But the footpaths and bikelanes would be the winners but they often receive least attention and funding.</p></div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-52169842069606539592010-02-03T11:41:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:31.044+05:30HIDDEN EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sudhir Gota</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><a href="http://cleantech.com/news/5567/mumbai-monorail-project-looks-reduc"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Latest news</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> from Mumbai got many people excited about Monorails and its impact on emissions. The news report claimed that on an average the mono rail would save 3500 tons/year/km. This kick started a debate on emissions savings from metro rail projects and its hidden component – construction emissions. The debate pitchforked the main issue of infrastructure construction as a significant component of transport emissions. Experts believe that we do a great disservice to entire emissions argument from transport by not considering such hidden aspects and we need to consider whole emissions argument from transport with a pinch of salt. Researchers like </span></span><a href="http://www.sustainable-transportation.com/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Mikhail Chester</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> have proved that Construction is significant component of total life cycle and should not be neglected.</span></span></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimUTvU6ZBbptXn8QiEwMS9NRlPJE0d02TR2FfhQGFYKQl7In4E06VnDI6zKYfgG_zIqAd-RgJWOlxpbHCUM5M-wmCvCff8g6HYCOb2jzVPryO6_DU0aK1RMpk_It9TzRkid20skvPtDXU/s1600-h/construction.jpg"><img style="text-align: justify;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimUTvU6ZBbptXn8QiEwMS9NRlPJE0d02TR2FfhQGFYKQl7In4E06VnDI6zKYfgG_zIqAd-RgJWOlxpbHCUM5M-wmCvCff8g6HYCOb2jzVPryO6_DU0aK1RMpk_It9TzRkid20skvPtDXU/s400/construction.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5433896175992620434" /></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; ">Gigantic infrastructure projects take ages to plan, get approved, and finally to get implemented in a developing country. Bangalore metro substantiates the above statement. Mass rapid system in Bangalore have been studied from past late 1980’s and it was only until in early 2000’s that some actual planning was initiated. Main construction for approx 40 km of metro was initiated in 2006 and the people would only get a chance to experience the system in the year 2012. By the time metro starts chugging along the Bangalore streets, things would have changed. This argument is in fact more worrisome for elevated roads and isolated flyovers which take two years as an approximate to complete in a city like Bangalore. While the traffic suffers, emission gets multiplied and finally it opens to jam-packed traffic created by land use manipulations by builders anticipating zero congestion.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Massive projects require huge quantities of material, machinery and workers which create many leakages in emission profile. </span></span><a href="http://www.easts.info/on-line/journal_06/3211.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Research</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> coming out from Japan reinforces this argument that expensive metro can in fact accumulate high intensity of emissions during construction. Researchers from Nagoya university have estimated that a station of the Superconducting MAGLEV generates emissions of magnitude 2,430[t-C/station] during construction only. Many researchers in order to to simply the calculations argue that only the emissions generated during material production be considered as a basis. But then, research also suggests that material movement, use, disposal can accrue </span></span><a href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/researchtech/research/newline/carbonimpact.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">42%</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> of production emissions.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The above argument looks minute in nature if we consider emissions quantified from </span></span><a href="http://www.dev-practitioners.eu/fileadmin/Redaktion/GroupsFolders/Climate_Change/Workshop_09-03/AfD_Workshop_Carbon_footprint_-_March09.ppt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Cairo Subway</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> which shows that construction emissions are equivalent to 28 years of operation emissions !!</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">This above arguments raises an important related question – </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">would High speed rails really save emissions? </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">There has been tremendous push for such massive projects in developing countries in the name of climate change. Do we really need such expensive solutions to “reduce” emissions? Literature suggests that high speed rails emit approx </span></span><a href="http://www.cnt.org/repository/HighSpeedRailEmissions.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">73 grams/passengerkm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> during operations. </span></span><a href="http://www.andhranews.com/ftopic2703.html&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=28"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Indian railways preliminary</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> estimates suggest that a High-Speed Rail consumes 0.933 litres of fuel per 100 km travelled, in comparison to the 4.04 litres consumed by an airplane and 5.69 litres consumed by an economy car. But, what remains hidden in the entire argument is fact about construction emission. </span></span><a href="http://innovations.coe.berkeley.edu/vol3-issue9-nov09/highspeedrail"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Experts</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> have suggested that high-speed rail can produce some 10 million metric tons of CO2 per year during construction. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Back of the envelope calculations suggest that a kilometer of high speed rail would cost anything from 10-20 million $/km in developing countries when neglecting land costs. Even if we blindly assume that emissions are being saved by such corridors, can developing countries really afford it? </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">We need more debate and need to see more numbers as massive construction can really change the game!!</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span></span></o:p></p>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-3850009162546711242009-11-28T15:59:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:31.058+05:30“HYBRIDS” RULE PHILIPPINES STREETS – PART 1<div style="text-align: right;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;">By, Sudhir Gota<br /></span></div><span style=";font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;" > </span><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">‘Josephine Guittu ‘drives a Hybrid for living in Manila.<br /><br />In case if you are wondering if he has cracked the “technology” barrier to own a cheap non polluting vehicle then you are mistaken. Instead, few weeks earlier he used to be a part of problem which makes millions sick in Philippines i.e. air pollution. He used to drive what can be described as a modified re- engineered two wheeler with a sidecar, powered by a polluting non-efficient two stroke engine. He used to drive across the local streets in Manila, ferrying 2-6 people at one time, creating a visible “wave of smoke” from the tailpipe across the city. When the distance travelled is as high as 100 km/day, the problem is definitely injurious.<br /><br />But past few weeks have transformed his life as he proudly displays a new four stroke tricycle which “pollutes” less and he saves valuable imported fuel while providing transport solution to poor-middle class people. He was extremely lucky to be a part of 20 drivers who got help from the government and other stakeholders like “Partnership for Clean Air” in becoming less polluting. They designed a revolving-fund scheme to grave his two stroke out of the system.<br /><br />But, there are thousands of “Josephine Guittu” still waiting for help while people breath polluted air in Manila.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0XjOhXbifaEG4Dkmb8EA5kiEQ0TRJ7brZn0gMo4Tso4ONkqcAuyewywbyXXJP63VaRVl2pID_oh0rZ4A_a-e1FVsTZOvSpnPlsFfMJQGIj86vzA2z_YpIRMFnlJq5HtMNjQjNGCKDg0k/s1600/3451236465_5a92f090ed.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0XjOhXbifaEG4Dkmb8EA5kiEQ0TRJ7brZn0gMo4Tso4ONkqcAuyewywbyXXJP63VaRVl2pID_oh0rZ4A_a-e1FVsTZOvSpnPlsFfMJQGIj86vzA2z_YpIRMFnlJq5HtMNjQjNGCKDg0k/s400/3451236465_5a92f090ed.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409101082561948114" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br />My colleague ‘Bert Fabian’ considers tricycles to be a tri-dimensional problem: “it’s a political, social and transport issue”. He is correct when he says that it’s beyond “cradle to grave” issue for the policymakers. It’s a “political” and “social” problem which needs equal attention. A typical tricycle driver earns daily 100-150 pesos on an average which forces him to have insufficient food and worse quality of life. Research has shown that driving in polluted environment and having insufficient food results in many health issues including very low blood vitamin C levels. But theyare helpless!<br /><br />More and more people venture into the tricycle market due to ballooning unemployment, raising congestion and demand for more mobility. With limited number of old tricycles getting out of system and huge number of tricycles getting inside the system, even tricycle operators can see the reduction in the size of the “pie” of commuters. With increasing competition, comes increased fatality. Already 54% of all injuries occurring in Philippines are street-induced. Thus, high number of problems associated with its unique role in providing cheap (approx 10 pesos for 5 km is a bargain considering its accessibility) mobility, the issue needs immediate solutions.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38GJ9rXct_dU6948l32yoOFC4YuGpkC1dQL6_2XYAcTRSP0Or1aiKRg_dAQyy26WSFURz4Bs8a0GdNg7wPpxbnMAhO92HygQEjREQcRbEyKVwDrsLl0cbEE75HdC8SCWH_m8pys6hqYg/s1600/3452061726_62ef1b0f35.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38GJ9rXct_dU6948l32yoOFC4YuGpkC1dQL6_2XYAcTRSP0Or1aiKRg_dAQyy26WSFURz4Bs8a0GdNg7wPpxbnMAhO92HygQEjREQcRbEyKVwDrsLl0cbEE75HdC8SCWH_m8pys6hqYg/s400/3452061726_62ef1b0f35.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409101372826557122" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br />Government and other agencies have been trying to use different strategies based on “convenience” to reduce the environmental impact thus facing limited success. Many strategies have been tested under different areas with different support system namely -<br /><br />1. Tricycle capping by Coding scheme, Volume reduction program, Phase-out etc.<br />2. Identifying illogical operators (anti-colorum drive)<br />3. Tricycle lanes<br />4. Regularization with common color per zone<br />5. Integrated terminals<br />6. Restricted accessibility with speed controls<br />7. Promotion of four-strokes and alternative fuels etc.<br />8. Promotion of human powered transport<br />But, the problem is “magnitude”.<br /><br />There are over 73,000 Two-Stroke tricycles in Metro manila alone. Research suggests that delaying action is expensive and unhealthy as it generates 22% more emissions and fuel use if tricycles in manila would be replaced in 10 years instead of 5 years. By acting within 5 years and replacing all two strokes we can save over 26 million liters of gasoline and 13000 tons of PM over next 20 years. This is a highly conservative estimate assuming that in no action scenario there would be only normal scrappage with slow replacement.<br /><br />In fact, new replacement costs are 110 million$ for replacing all two strokes, with 20 million$ average savings/year for 20 years. In simple terms – we have to act fast as it makes a perfect economic-health sense. Designing a revolving fund with aggressive replacements can reduce the chunk of money involved but maximize the environmental benefits.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98byzwmxdK6dvg4G_o10c0VA_Iq61fKIhE9_irQerbFh6lebtd9fwgJJv0PIZ7rexlxp-2kph36HqL5sj3EUG9FnC5Va-wrLciCU33zIQ-QhuF0FMuu-DNTdzz0EDvlmc4OAcJaUKH-8/s1600/IMG_4761.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 356px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98byzwmxdK6dvg4G_o10c0VA_Iq61fKIhE9_irQerbFh6lebtd9fwgJJv0PIZ7rexlxp-2kph36HqL5sj3EUG9FnC5Va-wrLciCU33zIQ-QhuF0FMuu-DNTdzz0EDvlmc4OAcJaUKH-8/s400/IMG_4761.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409102802297473986" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br />Dr. Manuel M. Biona who specializes in treating “tricycles” believes that “retrofits” can solve environmental problems of two strokes as many solutions are being designed which would further reduce the costs and maximize the social benefits. When I quiz him for the technological solutions being developed he suggests some phrases which sends my imagination for a toss - Gasoline Direct Injection Retrofitting, Four Stroke Engine Repowering, LPG Direct Injection Retrofitting and LPG Four Stroke Engine Repowering. Many solutions being developed needs governmental support in piloting in order to select the best performer in the group.<br /><br />Also, considering the filipino ingenuity in keeping “alive” their tricycles we have to ensure that technology and non-technology solutions are cemented by political will to transform cities. We have to think of “sticks” with “carrots” like micro-financing schemes. When I describe the term stick – I mean regulation which is often lacking. Many drivers themselves know that by regulating we can increase the efficiency and income per driver but we often fail to react on time or take decision. The key to the solution is to design “micro finance scheme” with low interest rates for low income owners and drivers who can use the monthly money to pay back the funds. History has shown limited success if we don’t rely on low initial cost and low interest rates. Designing innovative “insurance” and “marketing” schemes is another option for the policy makers. This coupled with aggressive management strategies for limiting the numbers of tricycles and increasing the human transport facilities we can transform cities in Philippines.<br /><br />Carrots with Stick can make “immortal” two stroke tricycles “mortal”. We just need the will to transform our cities. Thousands of “Josephine Guittu” are waiting for our help while millions are breathing polluted air, there is no time to lose.<br /></span> </div>Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8903518549888443813.post-32676746936404463352009-08-02T11:44:00.000+05:302010-06-25T06:43:31.073+05:30Solution for Air Pollution – Kolkata Experience<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Csudhir%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Csudhir%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: normal;" align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >Sudhir Gota<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" >Well I am keeping my fingers crossed to see the situation in Kolkata on Monday – August 3/2009. In case you are wondering “what” and “why” </span><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Csudhir%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Csudhir%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Csudhir%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> 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Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Monday – 3rd August</span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" > is important for all of us – To just backtrack - Monday 3<sup>rd</sup> august would be the first working day after the vehicles which are older than 15 years are removed from the active service to reduce the pollution in Kolkata. This means a significant chunk of the public transport and intermediate public transport fleet from the roads. Some estimates suggest that approximately 54% of vehicles are “old” and nearly 65% of vehicle population diesel powered. The problem is so injurious that pollutants like PM 10 exceed standards by 1.5 times.<br /><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" >The battleground was judiciary with <span style="">environmentalists</span> seeking pollution solution in high court. <span style=""> </span>After many deliberations, court in july-2008 gave a ruling to ban commercial vehicles registered before Jan 1, 1993 from Kolkata and its outskirts. The ruling called for implementation of ruling by 31<sup>st</sup> December 2008. Government realizing the magnitude of problem asked for extension until July 31 – 2009. There were efforts by some transporters to cancel the ruling by approaching higher judicial court (Supreme Court) but the strategy didn’t work and thus the ban had to be forcefully implemented by government.<br /><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" >There was lot of debate among stakeholders as to how severe is the problem. Interesting to note here is the debate among <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Kolkata-/Govt-transporters-bicker-over-old-bus-number/articleshow/4827715.cms">government and transporters as to how many buses would be taken off the roads?</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" >Transporters are arguing that 7,000 out of 12,000 buses would be taken off the roads where as government is suggesting that 2,557 buses out of 21,230.<span style=""> </span>This shows the classic case of not knowing the numbers. If we don’t know the numbers then how do we provide solutions? How do we plan alternate solutions? This takes us back to the question about the preparations for such a ban? What has the government done to provide an alternate solution to the people relying on such facility for transport and earning livelihood?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" >This question is in everybody’s mind and many kolkatans are bracing up for chaotic next week. I will not be surprised if the city comes to halt on Monday. Adhoc implementation without thinking of alternate solutions pushes people towards private transport. Latest statistics from ministry of Urban Development revel that nearly 58% of people rely on public transport and taxis for their daily travel. How do we accommodate their needs without investing on solutions for them? If every one of us are using green cars do we all really move?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" > I was surprised to find that Indian government even after launching the urban transport policy still thinks that flyovers are one of the major solutions to air pollution problem. If you don’t believe me than you should <a href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Lok%20Sabha.pdf">read this</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> Sudhir Gotahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16918302058919136666noreply@blogger.com0